Wind and Solar Assessment in the Sahelian Zone of Chad

Energy and Power Engineering

In this study, wind characteristics and wind power potential are analyzed for three meteorological stations in the Sudanese zone of Chad for the period of 35 years (from 1975 to 2010). Assessment of the wind power potential was carried out using the two parameters of Weibull distribution. Results of the study shows that the average annual wind speeds at 10 m above ground for Moundou, Pala and Sarh are 2.69, 2.33 and 1.91 m/s, respectively. The mean annual value of the Weibull shape parameter k and scale parameter c range from 2.376 to 3.255 and 2.099 to 3.007, respectively. The maximum annual power density of 204.85 W/m 2 was obtained at Moundou. Results of this study further shows that the selected locations are not suitable for large-scale wind energy production at 10 m altitude. However, by extrapolation, assessment of wind speed at 67 m altitude combines with wind turbine Vestas 2 MW/80 that adapts to the Sudanese local conditions, and the wind power potential can be exploited for water pumping, heating and production of electricity.

Long-term wind speed data for thirteen meteorological stations, measured over a five-year period, were statistically analyzed using the two-parameter Weibull distribution function. The purpose of this study is to reveal for the first time the wind power potentials in Chad and to provide a comprehensive wind map of the country. The results show that the values of the shape and scale parameters varied over a wide range. Analysis of the seasonal variations showed that higher wind speed values occur when the weather condition is generally dry and they drop considerably when the weather condition is wet. It was also observed that the wind speed increases as one moves from the southern zone to the Saharan zone. Although the wind power at each site varies significantly, however, the potentials of most of the sites were encouraging. Nevertheless, according to the PNNL classification system, they are favorable for small-scale applications only. A few stations in the middle of Sudanian and Sahel regions are found to be not feasible for wind energy generation due to their poor mean wind speed. The prevailing wind direction for both Saharan and Sahel regions is dominated by northeastern wind, while it diverged to different directions in the Sudanian zone.

In this study, statistical analysis of a long term meteorological data of 10 years have been presented to reveal the potential of wind power as a source of energy generation in the capital of Chad, N’Djamena. The recent ten-year period wind data were collected from the Hassan Djamous International Airport at N’Djamena. The wind characteristics and wind energy potential were analyzed using Weibull distribution function. The results show that the values of the shape parameter k, and scale parameter c, varied over a wide range. The annual highest values of the Weibull shape parameter k, and scale parameter c, were 1.59 and 4.12 m/s respectively. It was also found that higher wind speeds occurred during dry season, i.e. November to July and the lower wind speeds occurred during the wet season, i.e. August to October. The annual average of the most probable wind speed and wind speed carrying maximum energy were respectively 1.86 m/s and 6.48 m/s. Likewise, the wind power density was ranging between 55.96 W/m2 and 77.37 W/m2 and the corresponding annual energy density values ranged between 490 and 677 kWh/m2/year at 10 m height above ground. The highest wind power potential was found during the summer season which corresponds to the peak demand season of electricity in Chad. However, although the wind potential in this site is promising, it is concluded that it is adequate only for small-scale application

International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 2020

The objective of this work is to map the wind resource of two cities of Ndjamena and Faya located respectively in Chadian Sahara and Sahel. As well as the evaluation of the annual energy produced at an altitude of 80m or 100m by the simulation of wind data from wind speed data collected from metrological stations in the Sahara and Sahel areas respectively in the cities of Ndjamena and Faya Airport, and available for five years. In this perspective, we start with the description of the site, the determination of the various wind parameters, such as the mathematical modeling of the wind frequency distribution: Weibull distribution and the numerical simulation of the real wind data collected over five years to provide predictions on sites in two cities of Ndjamena and Faya. Then, we estimate its wind potential, its prediction of the electrical energy produced and we carry out an analysis of the wind turbulence by taking into account the obstacles surrounding near the measurement mast of Ndjamena and Faya, the topography, the roughness of the site, the density and a judicious choice of wind turbines.

2012

Energy Procedia, 2011

Due to several climate changes caused by greenhouse gas and to the increasing need for clean energies, scientists drew attention to renewable energy sources, which are the most suitable solution in the future. Sparsely populated and flat open terrains observed in Batna region (North East of Algeria) and its semi-arid climate, make it a promising region for the development of solar and wind energies. In this article, we analyzed ten years of daily wind speed data in a remote area of Batna: Mustafa Ben Boulaid Airport. Wind power availability, as well as annual mean values of wind speed and power, were estimated. Frequency distribution of daily totals of wind speed data were counted and illustrated too. The results have been used to estimate net energy output of different wind turbines. This simulation shows a difference in wind generators production and allows us to choose the best wind turbine adapted to site conditions. Since solar and wind energy resources may be used to compensate each other, we evaluated also the solar potential of the same area.

International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering

This paper presents an economic analysis of the electricity produced by different types of wind turbines selected for Chad. Thus, the data considered for the analysis in this study are the average monthly wind speeds at selected locations, as well as the altitude value. Statistical analysis was performed using the Weibull distribution. The same energy factor allowed determining the Weibull parameters. The results obtained show that the average annual wind speed varies from 1 m/s in Am-Timan to 4.2 m/s in N'Djamena, at a height of 10 m from the ground. Weibull statistical parameters (k and c) were determined at 10, 30, 50, and 70 m. These were obtained by extrapolation using a power law based on Weibull parameters. Three models of wind turbines available on the market were used in this study: Bonus 300 kW/33, Bonus 1 MW/54, and Vestas 2 MW/V80. The performance of these wind turbines was evaluated using the calculation of the capacity factor and the annual energy produced by each ...

2012

Annual variation in solar radiation 6.3 Diurnal variation of solar radiation 7 APPLICATIONS FOR SOLAR ENERGY IN MALI 7.1 Large-scale solar energy in the integrated grid 7.2 PV in the local isolated grids 7.3 Estimate of the production cost of PV electricity 7.3.1 The 1 MW p PV system grid connected 7.3.2 The 100 kW p PV system with battery storage 7.4 Recent initiatives under development 7.4.1 Scatec Solar at Mopti 7.4.2 Hybrid PV-diesel system in Douentza 7.5 Conclusions 8 REFERENCES ANNEXE 1: THE CASE OF OUÉLESSÉBOUGOU ANNEXE 2: LIST OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION PROJECTS List of abbreviations a.g.l Above ground level AMADER Agence Malienne pour le Developpement de l'Energie Domestique et de l'Electrification Rurale bbl Barrel BOOT Build, Own, Operate and Transfer

This report presents a first screening of feasible applications for the use of solar and wind energy in Mali. The report fulfils two important objectives. First, it increases the benefits of the mapping of solar and wind resources in Mali (Badger, Larsen et al. 2012) by presenting illustrative examples of project opportunities that project developers can take further towards implementation. Secondly, it serves as guidance to how the solar and wind maps can be used in the first phases of the planning and implementation of solar and wind technologies in Mali and elsewhere.

F. Barbir and S. Ulgiati (eds.), Energy Options Impact on Regional Security, DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9565-7_16, © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2010

The trade winds that blow along the Atlantic coast from Morocco to Senegal represent one of the largest and most productive wind potentials available on earth. Because of the extremely harsh climatic conditions, populations in these areas are concentrated in a few remote cities where economic activities such as mining or fishing can be sustained. Although growing, the local electricity demand remains very low, and unless this vast renewable energy resource can be utilized in a broader context to supply regional electricity markets, economic development alternatives within the region will be limited. This by itself can be considered a threat to regional security, as a lack of economic development over vast desert areas increases the exposure of the region to illegal activities such as trafficking which may have a potential to grow into broader transnational security threats. While local urban centers are witnessing very high unemployment rates, the region is also under pressure from sub-Saharan migrant population fluxes. Ideally, the supplying of regional electricity markets could pave the way for an integrated development of the region, as trade wind generated electricity can be transferred via High Voltage Direct Current infrastructures at relatively low costs. Such energy options are likely to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel generated electricity for Spain and Portugal which boast Europe’s highest CO2 emission increases from Kyoto’s 1990 base reference levels. In creating an integrated, job generating, socially acceptable renewable energy industry, such option could also eliminate the need for countries like Morocco or Portugal to consider Nuclear Energy as a viable option for meeting their growing electricity needs, knowing that Spain has suspended the construction of new nuclear power plants for over 2 decades. This paper aims at describing the renewable energy options of countries in North Africa integrated to the Euro-Mediterranean power market, and their potential impact on the region’s security