Biodiesel production: An updated review of evidence

Biodiesel - Feedstocks and Processing Technologies, 2011

As the world confronts a reported food shortage and rising fuel prices, scientists around the globe are scrambling to develop biofuel feedstocks that would not divert food crops to energy. It is apparent that the demand for biodiesel is expected to increase in near future and although many edible oils might be the cheapest feedstock for biofuel production. But it may not be sustainable source to meet this increasing demand. This justifies the need to use non-edible oil seeds that can be the reliable sustainable feedstock for biofuel production. Furthermore, most of the non-edible seeds bearing trees have the potentials of reclaiming wasteland and does not compete with food crop for limited growing regions. It thus becomes imperative to search for dedicated non-edible feedstocks and their suitability for biodiesel production. This paper attempts to make an assessment of current energy scenario, potential of non-edible oil over edible oils, selected non-edible oil seeds as biodiesel feedstocks, impact of biofuel on environment and future direction. Experimental analysis by different researchers on these non-edible oils showed their great potential as feedstocks for biodiesel production. This paper also reviews the biology, distribution and chemistry of selected non-edible oil seeds plants.

Elsevier eBooks, 2017

Biodiesel Oil Rubber Avocado pear Nipa palm kernel Renewable Energy. This study investigated the transesterification of Rubber seeds (Hevea brasiliensis), Avocado Pear seeds (Gratissima persea), and Nipa Palm Kennel seeds (Nypa frutican) locally sourced from Nigeria as an adsorbate for the esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol. Reaction was catalysed by potassium hydroxide (KOH) to form methoxide oleate (biodiesel) adsorption from aqueous solution in batch model for the production of biodiesel. The results obtained showed that rubber seeds oil (RSO), Avocado pear seeds oil (APO) and Nipa palm kernel seed oil (NPKO) oil gave maximum biodiesel yields at 0.9 % w/v, 0.1 % w/v and 0.1 % w/v catalyst concentration respectively. Their biodiesel yields were 88.0 %, 92.0 % and 96.7% respectively. They recovered biodiesel were characterized as an alternative fuel via specific gravity, viscosity, acid value, flash point and cloud point. The results obtained showed that the specific gravity for RSO (0.886 kg/m 3), APO (0.876 kg/m 3) and NPKO (0.850 kg/m 3) were fairly significant at temperature of 25 o C to other conventional petroleum diesel ASTM D 975, standard biodiesel ASTM D975, and standard biodiesel ASTM 6751 and EN14214. Contribution/Originality: This study is one of very few studies which have investigated on Nigeria local plants capable of producing biodiesel via catalysed trans-esterification reaction.

2012

Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-based fuels derived from a variety of feedstocks, including vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste cooking oil. At present, biodiesel is mainly produced from conventionally grown edible oils such as soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm. The cost of biodiesel is the main obstacle to commercialization of the product. Biodiesel produced from edible oils is currently not economically feasible. On the other hand, extensive use of edible oils for biodiesel production may lead to food crisis. These problems can be solved by using lowcost feedstocks such as non-edible oils and waste cooking oils for biodiesel production. This paper reviews numerous options of non-edible oils as the substantial feedstocks, biodiesel processing, and effect of different parameters on production of biodiesel.

Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy, 2018

Biodiesel derived from plant species has been a major renewable source of energy and has received global interest mainly due to climate change issue. It has increasingly received worldwide attention as a promising alternative fuel. Growing interest in biodiesel production from edible oil brings scarcity in food supply. To overcome this problem, utilization of non-edible oils could be explored. Non-edible oil as biodiesel feedstock impressed in many factors such as energy sustainability and independence in certain areas, especially in rural community, creating job opportunities, elevating environmental merits, and avoiding monoculture of fuel resources. The present chapter reviews several such potentials, including fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) or biodiesel production process of nonedible oil resources as biodiesel feedstock in SouthEast Asian geographical region. The SouthEast Asian countries fall in the tropical region of the world and have many species as non-edible oil, viz., jatropha, karanja, polanga, neem, rubber, and mahua. The oils derived from these species have shown considerable potential as biodiesel feedstock.

International Journal of …, 2008

Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. However, as the biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats, there are concerns that biodiesel feedstock may compete with food supply in the long-term. Hence, the recent focus is to find oil bearing plants that produce non-edible oils as the feedstock for biodiesel production. In this paper, two plant species, soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) and jatropha (jatropha curcas, L.) are discussed as newer sources of oil for biodiesel production. Experimental analysis showed that both oils have great potential to be used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from cold pressed soapnut seed oil was envisaged as biodiesel source for the first time. Soapnut oil was found to have average of 9.1% free FA, 84.43% triglycerides, 4.88% sterol and 1.59% others. Jatropha oil contains approximately 14% free FA, approximately 5% higher than soapnut oil. Soapnut oil biodiesel contains approximately 85% unsaturated FA while jatropha oil biodiesel was found to have approximately 80% unsaturated FA. Oleic acid was found to be the dominant FA in both soapnut and jatropha biodiesel. Over 97% conversion to FAME was achieved for both soapnut and jatropha oil.

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2009

Biodiesel, the name popularly given to fatty acid alkyl esters, has become an attractive option for the replacement of petroleum diesel ('petrodiesel'). While its overall impact on the greenhouse effect continues to be debated, other qualities of biodiesel are unquestioned. Biodiesel is biodegradable, generally non-toxic and has superior lubricity to petrodiesel. Overall emissions are greatly reduced. The bulk of the feedstock for its production comes from renewable resources and when biodiesel is used as a blend (up to 20%); no changes are required for existing diesel engines. However, it is still too costly and about 60-80% of the cost for biodiesel comes from the feedstock. Concerns have been raised about the propriety of using food for fuel. Proposed alternative feedstock such as Jatropha curcas address some of these concerns but have their own disadvantages. This paper is a comprehensive review of recent progress on alternative crops for feedstock and addresses the issu...

Due to the concern on the availability of recoverable fossil fuel reserves and the environmental problems caused by the use those fossil fuels, considerable attention has been given to biodiesel production as an alternative to petrodiesel. Biodiesel is an ecofriendly, alternative diesel fuel prepared from domestic renewable resources i.e. produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. It is a renewable source of energy seems to be an ideal solution for global energy demands including India as well. The general way to produce biodiesel fuel is by transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of either alkaline or strong acid catalysts. Transesterification reaction is quite sensitive to various parameters. An ideal transesterification reaction differs on the basis of variables such as fatty acid composition and the free fatty acid content of the oil. Other variables include reaction temperature, ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil, catalyst, mixing intensity, purity of reactants. This review paper describes the chemical composition of vegetable oils, fuel properties vegetable oils and biodiesel, transesterification process, the most important variables that influence the transesterification reaction, environmental consideration and economic feasibility of biodiesel.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT The world needs an alternative for transportation, although other automobile technologies like natural gas, hydrogen, and plug-in-electric are available, but not effective for long term uses. Further, climate change, volatile oil prices, depleting oil resources and an increasing demand of energy lead researcher to search for an alternative fuel, which would be economically efficient, socially equable and environment friendly. Biodiesel can be a suitable alternative for next generation fuel, as it does not contain any aromatic compound and a result of either transesterification of triglyseride or esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs). It is, whether pure or blended, produces low exhaust pH emissions, SO 2 , hydro carbons, CO, toxin, compare too petrodiesel. In a developing country, like India, where vehicle emission standards are less stringent and where old polluting cars are more common, biodiesel are the best solution as they are nontoxic, biodegradable and an oxygenated fuel. Currently biodiesel cost 1.5-3 times than conventional diesel. The high cost of feedstock raw material is the main hurdle in commercialization of biodiesel production. To reduce its cost new alternatives like waste oil from food non-edible oils such as Jatropha, algal oil have been studied for the biodiesel production. Present paper is an attempt to review, how biodiesel have high potential in present scenario, and its future perspectives.

2008

In view of the depleting oil reserves and exponential rise in petroleum prices, the search for alternative sources of fuel is very timely and important. The present paper addresses the underlying issues in biodiesel production from biomaterials and sustainable production and supply of first generation biofuels, especially the one from jatropha. The agencies and research institutions involved in the production of biofuels and the national and international efforts m a d e in this regard are discussed here. There is also a dire need of a step towards largescale production and supply of second generation biofuels, although in infant stage, to strengthen the w orld econo m y in general and Indian econo m y in particular. H o w e v er, the production of biofuels are likely to have serious socioecono mic implications especially to the lesser developed societies. This needs serious attention from policy m a k ers and public at large.