Semiclassical model of photon

2023

The electrodynamic basis of gravity requires that the explanation of the deflection of a light ray by a gravitational field be based on the extension to the photon of a property of matter, i.e. its content of electric charges, even if globally neutral. In the case of matter, electric charges are recognized in the content of quarks, antiquarks and electrons that make up the atomic nucleus and the electronic shell of an atom. An article of the same author dedicated to the aforementioned theory shows how, by associating also the photon with a pair of charges with a net zero value, but globally proportional to its energy, exactly the measured value is obtained for the light deflected by the solar gravitational field. In this document a definition of the photon's model is given which is coherent and compatible with what has been said and, in our opinion, with the QED. The main assumption on which the model is based is that the splitting phenomenon of a photon into a pair of virtual particles, for example an electron and a positron, also occurs when the photon is in free flight. The gravitational force responsible for the deflection of the light thus acts on the pair of particles in the short time preceding their recombination into the original photon.

Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 411-467, 2017

It is shown that the angular frequency of the photon is nothing else than the averaged angular frequency of revolution of the electron cloud's center during emission and quantum transition between two energy levels in an atom. On assumption that the photon consists of charged particles of the vacuum field (of praons), the substantial model of a photon is constructed. Praons move inside the photon in the same way as they must move in the electromagnetic field of the emitting electron, while internal periodic wave structure is formed inside the photon. The properties of praons, including their mass, charge and speed, are derived in the framework of the theory of infinite nesting of matter. At the same time, praons are part of nucleons and leptons just as nucleons are the basis of neutron stars and the matter of ordinary stars and planets. With the help of the Lorentz transformations, which correlate the laboratory reference frame and the reference frame, co-moving with the praons inside the photon, transformation of the electromagnetic field components is performed. This allows us to calculate the longitudinal magnetic field and magnetic dipole moment of the photon, and to understand the relation between the transverse components of the electric and magnetic fields, connected by a coefficient in the form of the speed of light. The total rest mass of the particles making up the photon is found, it turns out to be inversely proportional to the nuclear charge number of the hydrogen-like atom, which emits the photon. In the presented picture the photon composed of praons moves at a speed less than the speed of light, and it loses the right to be called an elementary particle due to its complex structure.

Discussion of some works related to photon has been made. Different works selected here contain the study of different characteristics of photon. The properties of photon like charge; mass; spin; angular momentum; interaction between light and matter; that between photon and gravitational field; the wave function and gravitational field of photon have been mainly chosen for discussion. Over and above the aforesaid characteristics of photon the wave particle duality; structure of photon motion; pair production by photon ; photon, graviton and their reactions ; radius of photon orbit due to black holes have also been discussed.

The article considers physical properties of photon as a quantum of electromagnetic wave in luminiferous medium. An experimental evaluation method for its energy and mass based on radiation pressure effect was presented. The of “photon amplitude” concept was introduced, through which energy is represented similarly to quantum (phonon) energy of elastic mechanical wave. A model of photon as a wave packet in the medium was considered, which based its volume evaluation. The resulting equation for energy corresponds to commonly known, regarding the first degree frequency proportionality, while it is more informative.

1994

Two types of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments were demonstrated recently in our laboratory. It is interesting to see that in an interference experiment (wave-like experiment) the photon exhibits its particle property, and in a beam-splitting experiment (particle-like experiment) the photon exhibits its wave property. The two-photon states are produced from Type I and Type II optical spontaneous parametric down conversion, respectively.

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

A photon is the smallest discrete amount or quantum of electromagnetic radiation, and it is the basic unit of light. It exhibits no shape, "point particle," according to the standard model of particle physics, meaning that a photon interacts as if it is entirely located at a single point in space and does not spread out to fill a three-dimensional volume. In this study, a new theory, in which the photon demonstrates a structure and shape, is proposed based on the perturbed quantum superfluid field (vacuum) in the photon epoch during the first seconds of the Big Bang. Photons are the nonlinear manifestation of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability that induces the formation of elliptical vortices, known as Kida vortices, which are converted to a three-dimensional spheroidal structure that remains unchanged in time and rotates with uniform angular velocity due to Coriolis force. Using hydrodynamics laws and applying them to a superfluid vacuum, the basic properties of the photon are described. Moreover, this study provides mathematical models to calculate the kinetic energy, radius, volume, charge, and particle-wave duality of photon. To confirm the proposed theory, the mathematical formulations are presented. We conclude that the photon shape is accessible to human imagination; knowing this shape helps determine photon properties and sheds light on how matter is made as well as explains the interactions of subatomic particles.

A simple theoretical model that explains the wave-particle duality of photons

2019

It is well known that the photon is only a quanta of electromagnetic radiation. However, there are many myths around the photon in contemporary physics, for example, the photon loses energy when traveling through space. The article explains the basic features of the photon, such as wave-particle duality, the relation between a continuous electromagnetic wave and a quanta, the interaction of electric and magnetic fields, space of photon, speed of light.

Coherence and Quantum Optics VII, 1996

Relativistic invariance of photon wave mechanics 33 Localizability of photons 34 Phase-space description of a photon 36 Hydrodynamic formulation 39 Photon wave function in non-Cartesian coordinate systems and in curved space 40 Photon wave function as a spinor field 42 Photon wave functions and mode expansion of the electromagnetic field 44 Summary 45 References 47

The Papers of Independent Authors, ISSN 2225-6717, 2021, 55, 13–18., 2021

The so-called. wave-AND-particle-WAP, which is a standing wave in the volume of a cube. On the sides of the cube, the flux is zero, i.e. the cube does not emit energy. However, there are magnetic and electrical strengths on the sides of the cube. It is shown that such HIV, having received a quantum of energy, becomes a quantum of energy flow and flies at the speed of light. Such a representation allows one to remove the contradictions between Maxwell's equations and the quantization of the energy of electromagnetic radiation, associated, firstly, with the fact that the energy transferred from light to atoms depends only on frequency, and, secondly, with the fact that it is impossible to find the wave equation for a photon.