VAN ROOYEN Honours Research Report
Braedon Van Rooyen
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Abstract
research questions. The chapters on the specific South African fascist movements (Chapters Three through Five) are placed by order of prevalence to which they were in contact with Nazi Germany. Therefore, at a macro scale, the structure of the research report will be thematic rather than purely chronological. The researcher will adhere to the requisite ethics clearance procedure by seeking research ethical clearance from the Scientific Committee of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Free State. Essential ethical standards will be rigorously observed, such as allowing research data to speak for itself and upholding scientific integrity. The research design is scientifically robust and aligned with the study's objectives. This research is strictly a desktop study and does not involve the participation of human research subjects or the use of personal data. All data and information will be stored securely using password-protected backups and handled ethically. Additionally, the researcher will ensure that findings are accurately represented and adequately credited using the Chicago referencing style to avoid plagiarism. The proposed study will adhere to the Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA), Act No. 4 of 2013. The information used in the study that is considered public includes data published or broadcast for public consumption, is available upon request, and can be accessed online or through other public means. This information is accessible to the public through subscription or purchase, observable by any casual observer, made available at a public meeting, or is obtainable by visiting suitable public locations, such as a library. The study's information and data do not encompass any personal data provided by third parties restricted under the POPI Act.
Related papers
Jodenvervolging in Nederland, Frankrijk en België, 1940–1945: overeenkomsten, verschillen, oorzaken (Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands, France and Belgium 1940–1945: similarities, differences, causes). Boom Publishers, hardcover 2011, 1045 p. Repr. paperback 2014. Dutch text, Eng. abstract.
ISBN: 9789085068112. Boom Publishers (Koninklijke Boom Uitgevers), Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2011
REVIEWS: 1. "Recently, two Dutch historians finished a comparative analysis of the Holocaust in the Netherlands, Belgium and France, for the first time integrating the Jews as full protagonists in an explanatory model of the enormous differences in the death toll of those countries. Their results are much more convincing than any preceding study." Prof. Dan Michman, in: THE HOLOCAUST. VOICES OF SCHOLARS (editor: J. Ambrosewicz-Jacobs). Cracow, 2009, p. 120. 2. "The lower percentage of French victims has been caused mainly by the attitude of the French government. In the first years of the war the Vichy regime issued all sorts of antisemitic measures and it supported deportation actions by the occupier. But from October 1942 onwards the support was withdrawn. Without this help the German occupier could do less than it wanted to. Not only because of a lack of its own manpower, but also because the German government did not want to rebuff the Vichy government. In Belgium and the Netherlands the Germans had much more power and a larger freedom of action, as a consequence of which the persecution of the Jews proceeded more effectively there. The big difference in victimization rate between Belgium and the Netherlands had mainly to do with the methods implemented by the occupier. In Belgium the occupiers acted more violently and big roundups were carried out earlier than in the Netherlands. Because of this, Jews in Belgium sooner took to flight. The Belgian resistance also sooner arose. In the Netherlands the occupier operated more cunningly. Here false hopes of deferment and exemption from deportation were held out to the Jews." Nadine Böke, 'Minder geweld, meer slachtoffers. Waarom driekwart van de Nederlandse Joden omkwam' (Less violence, more victims. Why three-quarters of the Dutch Jews perished), in: FOLIA (University of Amsterdam Weekly), Vol. 62, No. 13 (November 28, 2008), p. 15. 3. "A very detailed and systematic analysis of dozens of striking similarities and differences in successive stages of the persecution of the Jews. Altogether, that has yielded quite a lot. From the research by Griffioen and Zeller becomes clear that the decisive factor was the unanimity on the part of the German administration. Whereas in Belgium and France the persecution policy was frustrated by internal competency disputes, in the Netherlands - from February 1942 onwards - orders from Eichmann's department IV B 4 at the Reich Security Head Office in Berlin were directly forwarded, over the head of Seyss-Inquart, via the Judenreferat (anti-Jewish section) in The Hague to the Amsterdam Zentralstelle ('Central Office for Jewish Emigration') and from there to the Jewish Council." Prof. Ido de Haan in: NRC HANDELSBLAD and nrc.next, May 5, 2011. 4. "A thoroughly documented and profound comparison between the Netherlands, Belgium and France." Ad van Liempt, in: DE OORLOG (Amsterdam, 2009), p. 261. 5. "The SS, which had a much stronger position in the occupation regime in the Netherlands than in Belgium, wanted to prevent unrest as much as possible here, especially after the February Strike of 1941, the only protest strike against the persecution of the Jews during the war. After the strike the SS seized and deported the Jews as inconspicuously as possible." HET PAROOL, November 22, 2008, p. PS 5. 6. "From the transnational comparison by Griffioen and Zeller emerges that the difference between the Netherlands and France has to be explained for a major part by the attitude of the French Vichy government. In the Netherlands the Germans had more freedom of action. After the proclamation of the general compulsory labor draft of the Belgian population in October 1942, organized resistance and hiding got under way. In the Netherlands this happened only in May 1943." HISTORISCH NIEUWSBLAD, Vol. 18, No. 2 (March 2009), p. 12. 7. "Anyone who henceforth wants to make pronouncements in scholarship on the causes of the high number of victims brought about by the occupier in the Netherlands, will have to take into account their arguments. The book has all the qualities to raise the discussion on the striking sequence of the persecution in the Netherlands to a higher level." From Dr. Guus Meershoek's address, delivered at the NIOD, Amsterdam, October 25, 2011. 8. "In the Netherlands the SS, especially the Security Police, controlled the whole process, in the other two countries there were various parties." Arthur Graaff, in: HP/DE TIJD, October 22, 2011. 9. "The importance of this book lies particularly in the comparative, methodical approach. By doing so, it has appeared possible to 'weigh' the various factors." Rob Hartmans, in: HISTORISCH NIEUWSBLAD, Vol. 20, No. 10 (December 2011), p. 23. 10. "Inspired by Chris Lorenz' comparative causal mode of explanation (Chris Lorenz, The Construction of the Past) these two historians describe the major similarities and differences between France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The result is a balanced account of historical actors who were, individually and collectively, confronted with circumstances, events and choices. (...) The book is easy to absorb with conveniently arranged schemata and lucid summaries." Hester Borms, in: GALAPAS, Vol. 32, No. 3 (December 2011), p. 43. 11. "It is unquestionably the merit of Griffioen and Zeller that they convincingly show the decisive causes of the exceptionally high number and percentage of Jewish victims in the Netherlands." Robin te Slaa, in: *****DE VOLKSKRANT, January 14, 2012, Books supplement, p. 6. 12. "Griffioen and Zeller show that the process of exclusion and deportation was comparable, but that the administrative structures of German and indigenous agencies differed strongly and consequently also the freedom of action of the national-socialist tracing apparatus, which was much larger in the Netherlands. The surplus value lies in the scientific foundation and the bringing together and weighing of all these variables." Enno van der Eerden, in: CONTACTBLAD '40-'45 (Stichting 1940-1945), Winter 2011–2012, p. 23. 13. "German police in Amsterdam gained almost unlimited control over the organization and implementation of the deportations. These proceeded largely non-violently and behind the scenes, through administration, intimidation and deception, preventing unrest and economic damage." ONS AMSTERDAM, Vol. 63, No. 1 (January 2012), p. 36. 14. "A very thorough study which answers the ever-recurring delicate question: why was it that in the Netherlands, in comparison with other countries, such an excessively high percentage of Jews was murdered during the war? Griffioen and Zeller have succeeded in a sober and matter-of-fact analysis of all factors that played a role in answering this question. Clever work!" Dr. Bart Wallet, in: NIEUWSBRIEF 'CRESCAS', Joods Educatief Centrum (Newsletter 'Crescas', Jewish Educational Center, Amsterdam), Vol. 8, No. 2 (Friday, January 20, 2012). 15. "Griffioen and Zeller have undeniably written a solid standard work. The book contains a true goldmine of facts between which many plausible relations are placed. Their study is nothing less than a land-mark in the running debate and everyone who wants to add something to that, does well in first consulting their book." Dr. Ton Zwaan, in: GESCHIEDENIS MAGAZINE, Vol. 47, No. 1 (January–February 2012), pp. 8–13. 16. "This erudite work offers fundamental background information on the Holocaust in our country in comparison with the Netherlands and France." Historia@pelckmans, No. 37 (March 2012), p. 10. 17. "Through the richness of explanatory factors the authors make particularly clear that historical events can by no means be explained simply and uniformly. (...) Congratulations to the authors with their lucid structure and the polished linguistic usage." Dr. Veerle Vanden Daelen, in: Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis (TSEG, Journal of Social and Economic History), Vol. 9 (2012), No. 2, pp. 124–125. 18. "So far, there was no comprehensive, comparative international historical study on the persecution of the Jews in Western Europe. The historians Pim Griffioen and Ron Zeller are the first who, with their book on this subject, have provided an important contribution in the clarification of this question. Central in their study is the explanation of the differences in outcome for each country. (...) This book belongs, without more ado, to the most important books that have appeared on this subject in the last 20 years." Victor Brilleman, in: MISJPOGE. Quarterly published by the Netherlands Society for Jewish Genealogy (NKvJG), Vol. 25 (2012), No. 3, pp. 100–101. 19. "Griffioen and Zeller have written an impressive and convincing study, that offers a good insight in what caused the enormous difference in absolute number and percentage of murdered Jews in France, Belgium and the Netherlands." Dr. Martijn Lak, in: TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR GESCHIEDENIS (TvG, Journal of History), Vol. 126 (2013), No. 1, pp. 139–141. 20. "Excellent". Johannes Swaen, www.blikopdewereld.nl, 2012. 21. "The authors deserve congratulations on producing such a comprehensive comparative analysis (...). Their more stringent methodology and use of statistical material unavailable or disregarded by earlier commentators has achieved a more refined rendering of previously accepted interpretations. (...) this study will undoubtedly stand as an essential text for all those wishing to take the debate forward in the future." Prof. Bob Moore, in: YAD VASHEM STUDIES, Vol. 42-1 (2014), pp. 159–165. 22. "This study will undoubtedly belong to the most fundamental studies on the Shoah in general and on Western Europe in particular." Prof. Dan Michman, in: BMGN - LOW COUNTRIES HISTORICAL REVIEW, Vol. 129-1 (2014), online review 8. 23. "Invaluable", Prof. F.W. Boterman, in: DUITSE DADERS (Amsterdam 2015), pp. 8-9.
R.G. Moore, Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Netherlands 1933-1940
BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review, 1990
Echoes of Nazi Propaganda in a Collaborator Diary: The Case of Dutch Police Investigator Douwe Bakker
AHM Conference 2022: ‘Witnessing, Memory, and Crisis’
The diary of Douwe Bakker, a 3,600-page, 18-volume diary is the longest document in the NIOD Institute for War Holocaust and Genocide Studies's 2,100-diary collection. It is a very rare piece of collaborator egodocumentation that gives an intimate, daily record of his life, work and thoughts. Douwe Bakker read, quoted and echoed N.S.B. propaganda, and clipped articles and pasted them into his journals. How did Bakker interpret this material? How did it help him develop personal beliefs and justify his work with the Sicherheitsdienst? How did reading and writing down this propagandistic information foster the formation of his identity as a "comrade" in the Nazi "movement?"
Documenting Afrikaner Fascism: A Historical Overview of the Ossewabrandwag Archive
The formal establishment of the Ossewabrandwag Archive dates back to 1954 when a portion of the official documentation of the Afrikaner nationalist movement was donated to the then Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education (PU for CHE) for preservation. Amidst a general resurgence in contemporary historiography during the 1960s, the University of the Free State (UFS) also started an active drive to collate Ossewabrandwag archival material with the view of a scientific study of the movement. After a series of negotiations between the two universities in 1968, the UFS recognised that the official Ossewabrandwag Archive was located in Potchefstroom, and pledged its unconditional support to the PU for CHE in its efforts to expand the collections of the Ossewabrandwag Archive. The archival holdings of the Ossewabrandwag Archive grew throughout the 1970s, especially after an official research project was registered with the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) in 1975 to write up the history of the movement. This project, however, dragged along, and despite generous funding, and the appointment of a team of dedicated researchers, was only finalised in 1983. Despite this project, the majority of archival collections remained unsorted and was instead indexed on a library database in an attempt to ensure ease of access. This, along with an obtrusive ‘gatekeeper mentality’ about access to the archival collections, naturally affected contemporary research on the Ossewabrandwag movement. It is thus not surprising that this archive is somewhat unknown and underutilised to date, despite it valuable archival holdings. This paper explores the history, collections and management of the Ossewabrandwag Archive, in an attempt to reintroduce this valuable archive to both amateur and professional historians.
South African Veterans and the Institutionalisation of Apartheid in South Africa
in Ángel Alcalde and Xosé M. Núñez Seixas (eds.), War Veterans and the World After 1945: Cold War Politics, Decolonization, Memory (London: Routledge), 2018
The chapter, by focusing on the attitudes and voting behaviours of veterans of the Second World War, explores how veterans shaped the post-war socio-political construct in South Africa. By making use of new sources, in particular 234 reports based on the censorship of mail sent between the battle and home fronts during the Second World War, the chapter argues that a coincidence of interest and attitudes emerged as a consequence of the conflict that led white veterans to vote for the Herstigte Nationale Party (HNP) in the 1948 general election. With the Nationalist victory, which ushered in formalised apartheid in South Africa, dependent on ‘narrow majorities’ in key districts, it is likely that the veterans’ franchise proved decisive in this epoch defining election.
Research Article The Netherlands
2008
Demographic Research a free, expedited, online journal of peer-reviewed research and commentary in the population sciences published by the
Dutch Dialogues with Afrikaners: The Netherlands and the Cultural Boycott Against the Apartheid Regime in the 1980s
Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, 2020
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Oral History in the Netherlands
1990
Before the discourse on the use oforal sources had started, Dutch historians were using oral information. In fact, contemporary history could never have been written without the use of oral souÍces. The introduction of 'oral histort', however, has changed the epistemological context of this activity.
From Jan Van Riebeeck to Solidarity with the Struggle–The Netherlands, South Africa and Apartheid
SADET, The Road to Democracy in South Africa, 2006
The Number of the South African War (1899-1902) Concentration Camp Dead: Standard Stories, Superior Stories and a Forgotten Proto-Nationalist Research Investigation
Sociological Research Online, 2009
Tilly extols the power and compass of 'superior stories' compared with 'standard stories'. However, things are not always so clear cut, as the case study discussed here shows. A 1906 -1914 research investigation headed by P. L. A. Goldman, which has initially concerned with the enumeration and commemoration of the deaths of Boer combatants during the South African War (1899)(1900)(1901)(1902), and later with the deaths of people in the concentration camps established in the commando phase of this war, is explored in detail using archived documents. Now largely forgotten, the investigation was part of a commemorative project which sought to replace competing stories about wartime events with one superior version, as seen from a proto-nationalist viewpoint. Goldman, the official in charge, responded to a range of methodological and practical difficulties in dealing with a huge amount of data received from a wide variety of sources, and eventually produced 'the number' as politically and organisationally required. However, another number of the South African War concentration camp dead -different from Goldman's, and also added up incorrectly -concurrently appeared on a national women's memorial, the Vrouemonument, and it is this which has resounded subsequently. The reasons are traced to the character of stories and their power, and the visibility of stories about the concentration camp deaths on the face of the Vrouemonument, but their anonymity within Goldman's production of 'the number'. Tilly's idea of an 'inbetween' approach to analysing stories by historical sociology is drawn on in exploring this.
Dutch Lives. The Historical Sample of the Netherlands (1987–): Development and Research
Historical Life Course Studies
The HSN was initiated during the period 1987–1989 when an interdisciplinary and interuniversity group of Dutch scholars started discussing the foundation of one large database with data on individuals. Building one general prospective database with multiple research possibilities was considered as the only way to realize a cost-effective and properly documented tool for historical research from economic, social, demographic, epidemiological and geographic perspective. The birth registration was considered the most adequate sample framework. The new database should be 'open' in the sense that extension should be possible in all kinds of ways: more sources or variables, more persons and larger time periods. The HSN was deliberately created as a nationwide sample covering the whole 19th and 20th century. Since 1991 about 12 million Euro has been invested in the database and related projects. Besides the basic sample about 25 additional projects have been realized that created a...
Welcoming Remarks to Director's Office Public Lecture by Professor Jeroen Dewulf, "Literature as Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature (1940–1945)"
Director of the Institute of European Studies and Dutch Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley, Associate Professor Jeroen Dewulf lectured on clandestine Dutch-language literature during the Second World War. Dewulf’s books cover subjects ranging from the transatlantic slave trade to resistance publications under the Nazis to (post)colonial culture. Clandestine literature was published in all countries under Nazi occupation, but nowhere else did it flourish as it did in the Netherlands. This raises important questions: what were the risks of writing, printing, selling, and buying clandestine literature during the Second World War? What was the content of this literature? And why the Netherlands in particular? International studies on the Netherlands under Nazi rule have focused mainly on the political situation, and paid little attention to the local underground press other than considering its political message. This omission of cultural perspective led to an incomplete and sometimes distorted image of the Dutch wartime attitude vis-à-vis the German occupiers. It also hindered the understanding of postwar Dutch society. In this lecture, Jeroen Dewulf showed that, in all its complexity, clandestine literature offers a unique perspective on Dutch society under German occupation and on the postwar debates about heroism, resistance, collaboration, and victimization.
Conference Proceedings of the 2014 Biennial Conference of the South African Association of Political Studies
Pablo Saturnino Braga, Kelly Stone, Joleen Steyn Kotze, Giovanni Poggi, Pieter Heydenrych, Jo-Ansie van Wyk
2015
(2022) National Socialism, Colonialism and Antifascist Memory Politics in Postwar Dutch–South African Exchanges
South African Historical Journal, special issue on Anti-Fascism, 2022
This contribution addresses the dynamics of Dutch memory politics in the Dutch–South African exchanges between 1948 and 1975. The 1948 election victory of the Nationalist Party and their Apartheid policies brought about painful memories of Nazi attrocities, antisemitic persecurtion and anti-fascist struggle in the Netherlands. Soon, however, the Dutch government acquired an interest in highlighting a different history in relation to South Africa when referring to the notion of stamverwantschap. This implied an ethnic–racial identification of the Dutch with White, Nationalist South Africans on the basis of an alleged shared history of Dutchness. These memory politics changed after ‘Sharpeville’ in the 1960s. Once more memories of racist exclusion during National Socialism were revived in relation to the Apartheid regime. These memories facilitated and were strengthened by a growing anti-Apartheid movement. Yet, in their effort to be ‘on the right side of history’, the grassroots memory politics of the anti-Apartheid movement ignored the Dutch colonial implementation of racial inequality and its effects, not only on the Apartheid policies but also in contemporary Dutch society. This article aims to explore spaces for a synergy between narratives of historical catastrophe such as colonialism and Nazism, both with deep historical and intellectual roots in many parts of the world.
Surveillance and regulation of protest movements in a democratic liberal society: exploring the lives of Fees Must Fall activists at Stellenbosch University
2021
Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za 10.5% increase. To fully understand the trajectory of this, it is necessary to look back to 2008, which saw the investigation of universities and the release of the Ministerial Report. 2 On the 26 th of February 2008, a video surfaced from the University of the Free State (UFS), which claimed to be made in September the previous year (Department of Higher Education and Training, 2013). The video shows five black employees-cleaning staff to be specificbeing mock initiated at a traditionally white male residence. According to media outlet News24 (2008), the video shows university cleaning staff having to partake in 'downing' beers and consuming a mixture, which the group of white male students had secretly urinated in. The video includes narrations, such as "Once upon a time the 'boere' 3 lived peacefully here on Reitz Island, until one day when the less-advantaged discovered the word 'integration' in the dictionary." The video ends with: "That, at the end of the day, this is what we think of integration." This incident, imbued with racial undertones, occurred in retaliation to the University of the Free State (UFS) integration policy, which would see an allocated percentage of students moving into residences based on racial categories in an effort to diversify the residences. The video indexed an important moment within the South African Higher Education system as the video shed light on the underlining racism which existed within the Higher Education sector. This moment would act as a signal to the impending crisis of higher education, which would play out in the coming years on a national level and lead to the restructuring of a core structure within tertiary education. 4 The events at Rietz Student Residence therefore pushed at deep social issues rooted within South African society, but also brought to light a revealing social fact: Born-frees were supposed to represent a new generation of South Africa; a generation born under the new flag, regime, and constitution; a generation which was supposed to be tolerant of diversity and embracing of inclusion. Instead, what the video displayed were born-frees expressing a racial attitude that is premised on historical and political attitudes and policies that they were not part of. Jonathan Jansen, an Honorary Professor of Education at the University of the Witswatersrand, deliberated this phenomenon in his book, Knowledge in the Blood (2009), 2 The name of the full report is Report of the Ministerial Committee on Transformation and Social Cohesion and the Elimination of Discrimination in Public Higher Education Institutions 3 Boere, in its historical context, refers to the descendants of the Dutch colony, which came to settle in South Africa; the word eventually became to mean famer. 4 News clipping.
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