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2018, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
The Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) dataset, first released in 2014, is a high-resolution blended rainfall product with quasi-global coverage that has not been previously evaluated over Iran. Here, we assess the performance of the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based rainfall observations across Iran over the time period from 2005 to 2014 inclusive. Results show that CHIRPS' performance is better over areas and during the months of predominantly convective precipitation with highest correlations in the southern coastal lowlands characterized by heavy rains from convective origin. Correlations are stronger with variables such as altitude, particularly alongside coastal regions in the north and south, where surface water produces more moisture in the atmosphere. Results of pairwise comparison statistics and categorical skill scores reveal the influence of altitude and precipitation amount, while categorical skill metrics vary more with changes in precipitation amount than with latitudinal or longitudinal changes.
International Journal of Climatology, 2019
This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of a great variety of state-ofthe- art precipitation datasets against gauge observations over the Karun basin in southwestern Iran. In particular, we consider (a) gauge-interpolated datasets (GPCCv8, CRU TS4.01, PREC/L, and CPC-Unified), (b) multi-source products (PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS2.0, MSWEP V2, HydroGFD2.0, and SM2RAIN-CCI), and (c) reanalyses (ERA-Interim, ERA5, CFSR, and JRA-55). The spatiotemporal performance of each product is evaluated against monthly precipitation observations from 155 gauges distributed across the basin during the period 2000–2015. This way, we find that overall the GPCCv8 dataset agrees best with the measurements. Most datasets show significant underestimations, which are largest for the interpolated datasets. These underestimations are usually smallest at low altitudes and increase towards more mountainous areas, although there is large spread across the products. Interestingly, no overall performance difference can be found between precipitation datasets for which gauge observations from Karun basin were used, versus products that were derived without these measurements, except in the case of GPCCv8. In general, our findings highlight remarkable differences between state-of-the-art precipitation products over regions with comparatively sparse gauge density, such as Iran. Revealing the best-performing datasets and their remaining weaknesses, we provide guidance for monitoring and modelling applications which rely on high-quality precipitation input.
Remote Sensing, 2021
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) are the most important and widely used data sources in several applications—e.g., forecasting drought and flood, and managing water resources—especially in the areas with sparse or no other robust sources. This study explored the accuracy and precision of satellite data products over a span of 18 years (2000–2017) using synoptic ground station data for three regions in Iran with different climates, namely (a) humid and high rainfall, (b) semi-arid, and (c) arid. The results show that the monthly precipitation products of GPM and TRMM overestimate the rainfall. On average, they overestimated the precipitation amount by 11% in humid, by 50% in semi-arid, and by 43% in arid climate conditions compared to the ground-based data. This study also evaluated the satellite data accuracy in drought and wet conditions based on the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and different seasons. The results showed...
Journal of Arid Environments, 2020
The present study assessed the accuracy of twenty-three available globally and regionally gridded precipitation products over Iran. The datasets were classified into five different categories based on the data sources used: gauge-only, gauge-satellite, gauge-reanalysis, reanalysis-only, and gauge-satellite-reanalysis. By considering monthly rain gauge observation data as reference, the above precipitation products were assessed based on a variety of metrics over the period 1979 to 2013. The results indicated that the time-series of the spatial averaged precipitation of all the products do reasonably well in tracking the month-to-month variations with the majority of the products underestimating precipitation amounts with respect to the reference rain gauge observations. Overall, the best performances were demonstrated by Asfazari and APHRODITE followed by CHIRPS and GPCC. WFDEI-CRU was the worst performer among the twenty-three gridded products in revealing precipitation tempo-spatial patterns. The results demonstrate the high performance for all products in the west of the country (the Zagros Range) and in all seasons except the summer. The results also indicate that there is a better agreement between rain gauge observations and the gridded products during the rainy seasons (winter, spring and autumn) compared to the dry season (summer). This study improved our knowledge of the suitability of different precipitation gridded product estimates to capture the temporal and spatial variability of precipitation. Furthermore, it is applicable for developing precipitation products and provides valuable guidance for selecting alternative precipitation products to in situ observations.
Remote Sensing, 2020
Spatiotemporal precipitation trend analysis provides valuable information for water management decision-making. Satellite-based precipitation products with high spatial and temporal resolution and long records, as opposed to temporally and spatially sparse rain gauge networks, are a suitable alternative to analyze precipitation trends over Iran. This study analyzes the trends in annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation along with the contribution of each season and month in the annual precipitation over Iran for the 1983–2018 period. For the analyses, the Mann–Kendall test is applied to the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) estimates. The results of annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation trends indicate that the significant decreases in the monthly precipitation trends in February over the western (March over the western and central-eastern) regions of Iran cause significant effects o...
Advances in Geosciences, 2010
To evaluate satellite rainfall estimates of Tropical Rain Measurement Mission (TRMM) level 3 output (3B42) (TRMM 3B42) over Iran (20 • -45 • N, 40 • -65 • E), we compared these data with high-resolution gridded precipitation datasets (0.25 • ×0.25 • latitude/longitude) based on rain gauges (Iran Synoptic gauges Version 0902 (IS0902)). Spatial distribution of mean annual and mean seasonal rainfall in both IS0902 and TRMM 3B42 from 1998 to 2006 shows two main rainfall patterns along the Caspian Sea and over the Zagros Mountains. Scatter plots of annual average rainfall from IS0902 versus TRMM 3B42 for each 0.25 • ×0.25 • grid cell over the entire country (25 • -40 • N, 45 • -60 • E), along the Caspian Sea (35 • -40 • N, 48 • -56 • E), and over the Zagros Mountains (28 • -37 • N, 46 • -55 • E) were derived.
Journal of Arid Environments, 2013
Precipitation in semi-arid countries such as Iran is one of the most important elements for all aspects of human life. In areas with sparse ground-based precipitation observation networks, the reliable high spatial and temporal resolution of satellite-based precipitation estimation might be the best source for meteorological and hydrological studies. In the present study, four different satellite rainfall estimates (CMORPH, PERSIANN, adjusted PERSIANN, and TRMM-3B42 V6) are evaluated using a relatively dense Islamic Republic of Iran's Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) rain-gauge network as reference. These evaluations were done at daily and monthly time scales with a spatial resolution of 0.25 Â 0.25 latitude/longitude. The topography of Iran is complicated and includes different, very diverse climates. For example, there is an extremely wet (low-elevation) Caspian Sea coastal region in the north, an arid desert in the center, and high mountainous areas in the west and north. Different rainfall regimes vary between these extremes. In order to conduct an objective intercomparison of the various satellite products, the study was designed to minimize the level of uncertainties in the evaluation process. To reduce gauge uncertainties, only the 32 pixels, which include at least five rain gauges, are considered. Evaluation results vary by different areas. The satellite products had a Probability of Detection (POD) greater than 40% in the southern part of the country and the regions of the Zagros Mountains. However, all satellite products exhibited poor performance over the Caspian Sea coastal region, where they underestimated precipitation in this relatively wet and moderate climate region. Seasonal analysis shows that spring precipitations are detected more accurately than winter precipitation, especially for the mountainous areas all over the country. Comparisons of different satellite products show that adj-PERSIANN and TRMM-3B42 V6 have better performance, and CMORPH has poor estimation, especially over the Zagros Mountains. The comparison between PER-SIANN and adj-PERSIANN shows that the bias adjustment improved the POD, which is a daily scale statistic.
International Journal of Climatology, 2019
Engineering reports, 2020
Recent advancements in the field of remote sensing have led to the development of high resolution satellite-based rainfall products to improve the quality of observed rainfall data through proper evaluation and validation process of the products. This study therefore, intended to evaluate the performance of CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station) satellite-based rainfall products in Finchaa and Neshe watersheds of Blue Nile Basin. Daily ground-and satellite-based rainfall data are collected from Ethiopian National Meteorological Agency and CHIRPS dataset of CHG (Climate Hazards Group) respectively, for the time slice of 25 years (1991-2015). The performance of CHIRPS product is evaluated using quantitative statistical performance indicators and graphical comparison methods. CHIRPS satellite product tends to slightly overestimate the mean rainfall depth at the study area. A positive strong linear correlation (R = 0.93 and R 2 = 0.86) and a smaller amount of noise, bias and error (NSE = 0.84, PBIAS = 0.98%, and RMSE = 46.99 mm) have been found between CHIRPS satellite-based and the ground-based rainfall products when compared. The overall results in this study also indicated the good performance of CHIRPS satellite-based rainfall estimates in maintaining patterns of observed measurements at monthly, seasonal and annual time steps across the watersheds.
Precipitation [Working Title], 2020
At present, satellite rainfall products, such as the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product, have become an alternative source of rainfall data for regions where rain gauge stations are sparse, e.g., Northeast Brazil (NEB). In this study, continuous scores (i.e., Pearson's correlation coefficient, R; percentage bias, PBIAS; and unbiased root mean square error, ubRMSE) and categorical scores (i.e., probability of detection, POD; false alarm ratio, FAR; and threat score, TS) were used to assess the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based observations on a pixel-to-station basis, during
Atmospheric Research, 2017
In the first part of this paper, monthly precipitation data from Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks-Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 algorithm Version 7 (TRMM-3B42V7) are evaluated over Iran using the Generalized Three-Cornered Hat (GTCH) method which is self-sufficient of reference data as input. Climate Data Unit (CRU) is added to the GTCH evaluations as an independent gauge-based dataset thus, the minimum requirement of three datasets for the model is satisfied. To ensure consistency of all datasets, the two satellite products were aggregated to 0.5°spatial resolution, which is the minimum resolution of CRU. The results show that the PERSIANN-CDR has higher Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) than TRMM-3B42V7 for the monthly rainfall estimation, especially in the northern half of the country. All datasets showed low SNR in the mountainous area of southwestern Iran, as well as the arid parts in the southeast region of the country. Additionally, in order to evaluate the efficacy of PERSIANN-CDR and TRMM-3B42V7 in capturing extreme daily-precipitation amounts, an in-situ rain-gauge dataset collected by the Islamic Republic of the Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) was employed. Given the sparsity of the rain gauges, only 0.25°pixels containing three or more gauges were used for this evaluation. There were 228 such pixels where daily and extreme rainfall from PERSIANN-CDR and TRMM-3B42V7 could be compared. However, TRMM-3B42V7 overestimates most of the intensity indices (correlation coefficients; R between 0.7648-0.8311, Root Mean Square Error; RMSE between 3.29mm/day-21.2mm/5day); PERSIANN-CDR underestimates these extremes (R between 0.6349-0.7791 and RMSE between 3.59mm/day-30.56mm/5day). Both satellite products show higher correlation coefficients and lower RMSEs for the annual mean of consecutive dry spells than wet spells. The results show that TRMM-3B42V7 can capture the annual mean of the absolute indices (the number of wet days in which daily precipitation > 10 mm, 20 mm) better than PERSIANN-CDR. The results of daily evaluations show that the similarity of Empirical Cumulative Density Function (ECDF) of satellite products and IRIMO gauges daily precipitation, as well as dry spells with different thresholds in some selected pixels (include at least five gauges), are significant. The results also indicate that ECDFs become more significant when threshold increases. In terms of regional analyses, the higher SNR of the products on monthly (based on the GTCH method) and daily evaluations (significant ECDFs) is mostly consistent.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2014
High-resolution satellite-retrieved precipitation products are useful input data for hydrologic predictions and water resources management, especially in developing countries where the availability of ground-based rainfall measurements with high spatial coverage is very limited. In this study, four widely used satellite rainfall estimates (TMPA-3B42V7, TMPA-3B42RT, PERSIANN, and CMORPH) are evaluated with a dense raingauge network over six regions with various physiographic and climate conditions in Iran. Assessments are implemented at daily scale for different seasons during the five years period from 2003 to 2008. Overall, the results show that 3B42V7 leads to better performance than the other three products over different terrains. According to the value of relative bias (RBias) as one of the verification metric used in this study, 3B42V7 with an average value of 13.43% over all the regions matches best with the raingauge observations, while both PERSIANN and 3B42RT overestimate precipitation by 78.13% and 31%,respectively. On the other hand, CMORPH with RBias of -17.6% tends to underestimate the rainfall amount. Furthermore, the evaluations over different seasons indicate that the best performance for PERSIANN and both TMPA products is during the winter, while for CMORPH is during the autumn season. With respect to the critical success index (CSI) in order to assess the rain detecting skill of satellite products, one can conclude that PERSIANN leads to better estimations during the winter and summer, 3B42RT during the spring, and CMORPH during the autumn season. Generally, the implemented analyses in this research provide quantitative information of error characteristics associated with satellite precipitation products over different parts of Iran and thus will offer hydrologic users a better understanding of satellite rainfall estimates applicability in this area.
Hydrological Sciences Journal, 2014
High-resolution satellite-retrieved precipitation products are useful input data for hydrologic predictions and water resources management, especially in developing countries where the availability of ground-based rainfall measurements with high spatial coverage is very limited. In this study, four widely used satellite rainfall estimates (TMPA-3B42V7, TMPA-3B42RT, PERSIANN, and CMORPH) are evaluated with a dense raingauge network over six regions with various physiographic and climate conditions in Iran. Assessments are implemented at daily scale for different seasons during the five years period from 2003 to 2008. Overall, the results show that 3B42V7 leads to better performance than the other three products over different terrains. According to the value of relative bias (RBias) as one of the verification metric used in this study, 3B42V7 with an average value of 13.43% over all the regions matches best with the raingauge observations, while both PERSIANN and 3B42RT overestimate precipitation by 78.13% and 31%,respectively. On the other hand, CMORPH with RBias of -17.6% tends to underestimate the rainfall amount. Furthermore, the evaluations over different seasons indicate that the best performance for PERSIANN and both TMPA products is during the winter, while for CMORPH is during the autumn season. With respect to the critical success index (CSI) in order to assess the rain detecting skill of satellite products, one can conclude that PERSIANN leads to better estimations during the winter and summer, 3B42RT during the spring, and CMORPH during the autumn season. Generally, the implemented analyses in this research provide quantitative information of error characteristics associated with satellite precipitation products over different parts of Iran and thus will offer hydrologic users a better understanding of satellite rainfall estimates applicability in this area.
A new retrospective satellite-based precipitation dataset is constructed as a climate data record for hydrological and climate studies. Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks – Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) provides daily and 0.25° rainfall estimates for the latitude band 60°S–60°N for the period of 01/01/1983 to 12/31/2012 (delayed present). PERSIANN-CDR is aimed at addressing the need for a consistent, long-term, high-resolution and global precipitation dataset for studying the changes and trends in daily precipitation, especially extreme precipitation events, due to climate change and natural variability. PERSIANN-CDR is generated from the PERSIANN algorithm using GridSat-B1 infrared data. It is adjusted using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly product to maintain consistency of the two datasets at 2.5° monthly scale throughout the entire record. Three case studies for testing the efficacy of the dataset against available observations and satellite products are reported. The verification study over Hurricane Katrina (2005) shows that PERSIANN-CDR has good agreement with the Stage IV radar data, noting that PERSIANN-CDR has more complete spatial coverage than the radar data. In addition, the comparison of PERSIANN-CDR against gauge observations during the 1986 Sydney flood in Australia reaffirms the capability of PERSIANN-CDR to provide reasonably accurate rainfall estimates. Moreover, the Probability Density Function (PDF) of PERSIANN CDR over the Contiguous United States exhibits good agreement with the PDFs of the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gridded gauge data and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product. The results indicate high potential for using PERSIANN-CDR for long-term hydro-climate studies in regional and global scales.
2018
Over the past two decades, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) products have been incorporated in a wide range of studies. Currently, PERSIANN offers several precipitation products based on different algorithms available at various spatial and temporal scales, namely, PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS and PERSIANN-CDR. The goal of this article is to first provide an overview of the available PERSIANN precipitation retrieval algorithms and their differences. Secondly, we offer an evaluation of the available operational products over the Contiguous United States at different spatial and temporal scales using Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified gauge-based analysis as a benchmark. Finally, the available products are intercompared at a quasi-global scale. Furthermore, we highlight strength and limitations of the PERSIANN products and briefly discuss the expected future developments. Precipitation is an integral part of the Earth's hydrologic cycle, playing a foremost role in its water and energy balance. Accurate, uninterrupted and uniform observation of precipitation represent important inputs for research and operational applications. The resilience and capacity of societies to react and adapt to climate extremes such as storms, floods and droughts are greatly enhanced with a long term historical record of precipitation. Practical applications include use of precipitation Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) information for infrastructure design and use of near real-time precipitation data in development of early warning systems and disaster management planning. Moreover, the observation of precipitation is essential for understanding Earth's climate, its underlying variabilities and trends. In turn, climatic understanding can improve our ability to forecast extreme events and enables informative strategic planning and decision making on issues related to water supply, both in quantity and quality. Precipitation measurement continues to represent a great challenge for the scientific community mainly due to its spatiotemporal variations in intensity and duration . The three primary instruments used for measurement of precipitation are gauges, radar and satellite. Rain gauges provides direct measurement of precipitation; however, it suffers from intermittent coverage over most continents. Radar technology is not available in many countries and even in places where the technology is available, radar blockage by mountains is a major challenge. Both rain gauges and radar do not provide measurements over oceans. On the other hand, satellite-based precipitation measurements seem to be the most promising method to accurately observe precipitation over both land and ocean.
Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2019
High resolution and global coverage of the satellite-based precipitation data have been found useful in many climate and hydrological studies, particularly in limited and nongauged areas. Due to systematic and nonsystematic factors, there are always deviations between ground-based and satellite-based precipitation. Among many satellite-based precipitation products, the PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) family products attracted more attention. In this paper, we evaluated the PERSIANN family of monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation data over Fars Province, Iran, at four different spatial scales, namely point (station), pixel, regional, and provincial during the period of 2003-2015 using 132 rain gauge data as baseline. The performance of the products was first evaluated by calculating some statistical metrics. The result shows that in all spatial and temporal scales, the three products mirror the precipitation pattern and underestimate the precipitation in the province. The PERSIANN-CDR outperforms the other two products and is the superior product. The performance of PERSIANNN products is the best at the provincial scale followed by regional, pixel, and point scales. The performance of PERSIANN family products is also evaluated by the quantile-quantile plot from which a set of equations is proposed to accurately predict precipitation in Fars Province from the PERSIANN-CDR precipitation data. The proposed equations are verified by 2-year precipitation data that were not used in the assessment of the products. These equations provide highly accurate precipitation data from PERSIANN-CDR data particularly in nongauged sites at various spatiotemporal scales for application such as in statistical hydrology and hydroclimate-related projects.
Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2020
This study presents the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks–Dynamic Infrared Rain Rate (PDIR-Now) near-real-time precipitation dataset. This dataset provides hourly, quasi-global, infrared-based precipitation estimates at 0.04° × 0.04° spatial resolution with a short latency (15–60 min). It is intended to supersede the PERSIANN–Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN-CCS) dataset previously produced as the near-real-time product of the PERSIANN family. We first provide a brief description of the algorithm’s fundamentals and the input data used for deriving precipitation estimates. Second, we provide an extensive evaluation of the PDIR-Now dataset over annual, monthly, daily, and subdaily scales. Last, the article presents information on the dissemination of the dataset through the Center for Hydrometeorology and Remote Sensing (CHRS) web-based interfaces. The evaluation, conducted over the period 2017–18, demonstrates the utility ...
Iran has about 1.648 million km 2 , is placed between 44 • and 64 • E and 25-40 • N in the southwest of the Middle East and North Africa. It is characterized by a tough precipitation gradient with a mean annual precipitation of 250 mm, concentrating primarily during the wet months (January to April). Study focus: In this study, we evaluated the performance of three non-gauge-corrected satellite precipitation estimates and a linear combination of these products (SPC) versus the Asfezari (Iran national reanalysis dataset) using four continuous statistics (R 2 , NSE, RMSE, and BIAS) and three categorical metrics (POD, FAR, and CSI). New hydrological insights for the region: The foremost issue for hydrologists in Iran, and many other developing countries, is off-line rainfall data without near real-time availability. For this reason, researchers are using satellite products. These gridded datasets have their benefits and drawbacks with regard to their resolution, time span, time steps, and accuracy. Therefore, testing the quality of gridded datasets is the primary step of using them in hydrological assessments. Current research compares the satellite products with a national gridded dataset (Asfezari) over Iran for the first time. Overall, the SPC dataset had better accuracy than other datasets. Then SM2RAIN-ASCAT showed better accuracy than PERSIANN-CCS and CMORPH in both statistical accuracy and detection.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2020
R ain gauges and radars are the most popular sources for precipitation measurement and estimation, but their distribution is limited. In recent decades, satellite-based precipitation products have proven to be an effective alternative. They provide the first quasi-global estimations, except for the polar regions. Near-real-time, satellite-based precipitation data are essential in weather, climate, and hydrological modeling-including managing drought and flash floods. Satellite-based precipitation estimation algorithms primarily utilize input from longwave infrared (IR), visible (VIS), and passive microwave (PMW) sensors. Satellite observations do not read rain rate (RR) directly. An indirect relationship links the occurrence and intensity of rainfall to data from one or multiple sensors. Although PMW sensors are reliable sources for instantaneous precipitation estimations, their spatial and temporal resolutions are far coarser than IR/VIS readings. The spatiotemporal richness of IR and/or VIS helps balance Precipitation Rate Estimates Satellite Infrared Imagery
Water
This study compares the performance of four satellite-based rainfall products (SRPs) (PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR, SM2RAIN-ASCAT, and CHIRPS-2.0) in a semi-arid subtropical region. As a case study, Punjab Province of Pakistan was considered for this assessment. Using observations from in-situ meteorological stations, the uncertainty in daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall estimates of SRPs at pixel and regional scales during 2010–2018 were examined. Several evaluation indices (Correlation Coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Bias, and relative Bias (rBias), as well as categorical indices (Probability of Detection (POD), Critical Success Index (CSI), and False Alarm Ration (FAR)) were used to assess the performance of the SRPs. The following findings were found: (1) CHIRPS-2.0 and SM2RAIN-ASCAT products were capable of tracking the spatiotemporal variability of observed rainfall, (2) all SRPs had higher overall performances in the northwestern parts of the provinc...
Remote Sensing
The lack of sufficient precipitation data has been a common problem for water resource planning in many arid and semi-arid regions with sparse and limited weather monitoring networks. Satellite-based precipitation products are often used in these regions to improve data availability. This research presents the first validation study in Syria for Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) estimates using in-situ precipitation data. The validation was performed using accuracy and categorical statistics in the semi-arid Barada Basin, Syria, between 2000 and 2020. Multiple temporal scales (daily, pentad, monthly, seasonally, and annual) were utilized to investigate the accuracy of CHIRPS estimates. The CHIRPS results indicated advantages and disadvantages. The main promising result was achieved at the seasonal scale. Implementing CHIRPS for seasonal drought was proven to be suitable for the Barada Basin. Low bias (PBwinter = 2.1%, PBwet season = 12.7%), high cor...
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