Biological role of Piper nigrum L. (Black pepper): A review

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 2014

Scholars International Journal of Biochemistry, 2022

Black pepper, the King of spices (Piper nigrum L.), is a widely used spice, known for its pungent odour. From time immemorial, plant sources were used in traditional systems of medicine and day-to-day common use, such as in meal preparation and cosmetic purposes. This is due to their vast pharmacological potential with beneficial effects. Among the various species of the Piperaceae family, black pepper is one of the most popular due to its principle pharmacological component, piperine. Which is an alkaloid that has diverse pharmacological activities like antioxidant, antiobesity, antitumor, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, antithyroid, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, hepatoprotective, antiasthmatic, larvicidal, antihypertensive, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, bioavailability enhancer, immunomodulatory, antiepileptic, antifertility, GI stimulant, lipid metabolism accelerator, anticancer, CNS stimulant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, blood purifier and antiplatelet activi...

Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research

The present study highlights the Bio activities and Pharmacology of Piper nigrum L. (Black Pepper). Piper nigrum L is commonly known as Kali Mirch, Pippali, Milagu Peppercorn, White pepper, Green pepper, Black pepper, and Madagascar pepper longum plant is a deciduous slender aromatic climber. The major source of bioactive constituents in black pepper is present in the fruits. It contains major pungent alkaloid piperine (1-peperoyl piperidine) which is known to possess pharmacological actions. Antimicrobial activity of black pepper evaluated the antibacterial potential of aqueous decoction of Piper nigrum L. (black pepper), against different bacterial isolates from oral cavity of individual volunteers.

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2019

Considered as the "King of spices", black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a widely used spice which adds flavor of its own to dishes, and also enhances the taste of other ingredients. Piper nigrum has also been extensively explored for its biological properties and its bioactive phyto-compounds. There is, however, no updated compilation of these available data to provide a complete profile of the medicinal aspects of P. nigrum. This study endeavors to systematically review scientific data on the traditional uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties of P. nigrum. Information was obtained using a combination of keywords via recognized electronic databases (e.g., Science Direct and Google Scholar). Google search was also used. Books and online materials were also considered, and the literature search was restricted to the English language. The country with the highest number of traditional reports of P. nigrum for both human and veterinary medicine was India, mostly for menstrual and ear-nose-throat disorders in human and gastrointestinal disorders in livestock. The seeds and fruits were mostly used, and the preferred mode of preparation was in powdered form, pills or tablets, and paste. Piper nigrum and its bioactive compounds were also found to possess important pharmacological properties. Antimicrobial activity was recorded against a wide range of pathogens via inhibition of biofilm, bacterial efflux pumps, bacterial swarming, and swimming motilities. Studies also reported its antioxidant effects against a series of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species including the scavenging of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, DPPH, ABTS, and reducing effect against ferric and molybdenum (VI). Improvement of antioxidant enzymes in vivo has also been reported. Piper nigrum also exhibited anticancer effect against a number of cell lines from breast, colon, cervical, and prostate through different mechanisms including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, autophagy, and interference with signaling pathways. Its antidiabetic property has also been confirmed in vivo as well as hypolipidemic activity as evidenced by decrease in the level of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein and increase in high-density lipoprotein. Piper nigrum also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotective effects. The major bioactive compound identified in P. nigrum is piperine although other compounds are also present including piperic acid, piperlonguminine, pellitorine, piperolein B, piperamide, piperettine, and (-)-kusunokinin, which also showed biological potency. Most pharmacological studies were conducted in vitro (n ¼ 60) while only 21 in vivo and 1 clinical trial were performed. Hence, more in vivo experiments using a pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic approach would be beneficial. As a conclusive remark, P. nigrum should not only be regarded as "King of spices" but can also be considered as part of the kingdom of medicinal agents, comprising a panoply of bioactive compounds with potential nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

This manuscript aims to describe the various pharmacological activities of Piper nigrum. Pepper is a common spice of the plant which is used as spice in preparation of various foods. Pepper production is centered in Kerela, followed by Karnataka and Maharashtra in India. Other big pepper-producing countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka. It has various pharmacological activities which is why it is used in the treatment of different diseases. The manuscript mainly describes the antituberculosis, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, gastrointestinal and anticancer activities of Piper nigrum. The manuscript also describes the various studies related to the pharmacological activities of Piper nigrum. It is concluded from the manuscript that Piper nigrum has great efficacy in the treatment of various diseases.

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a popular spice that is grown as tropical and subtropical plant throughout the world. The leaf, flower, fruit, and root are the most important elements of the plant. Asexual or vegetative propagation is becoming highly popular, although the sexual approach is still used for pepper vine cultivation. For mass production of the pepper plant, in vitro culture is also used. The bioactive components contained in them are extremely important because of their therapeutic potential against a number of diseases. They are usually classed as functional foods because, in addition to providing basic nutrition, provide physiological benefits and help to avoid chronic illness. The main component of black pepper is piperine. It has a complex phyto-chemistry includes: Volatile oil, alkaloids, and oleoresins. Because of its free-radical scavenging properties, black pepper and its active components can be prevention and control of tumor growth. Piperine, which can bind and inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes the sickness, is present in black pepper and has antibacterial and antiviral effects. Piperine, a key alkaloid component of black pepper, it also helps to cognitive brain function, nutritional absorption, and gastrointestinal health. Black pepper is known as the "King of Spices" as well as the "King of Medicinal Agents," since it includes a wide variety of bioactive compounds with nutraceutical and pharmacological applications. An overview of the most common applications for black pepper, along with a strong evidence is present in this review.

Piper nigrum (family Piperaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant. It is one of the most commonly used spices and considered as "The King of spices" among various spices. Black pepper is grown in many tropical regions like Brazil, Indonesia and India. Hot and pungent peppercorns are obtained from Black pepper which is the most famous and one of the commonly used spices throughout the world. Pepper is used worldwide in different types of sauces and dishes like meat dishes. One study reported that piperine is widely used in various herbal cough syrups for its potent anti-tussive and bronchodilator properties. It is used in anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-leukemia treatment. Recent medical studies have shown that it is helpful in increasing the absorption of certain vitamins, selenium, β-cartene, also increase the body's natural thermogenic activity.

Curēus, 2024

Black pepper's main component, piperine, is a phytochemical that gives the spice its distinctively pungent flavor, which has made it a staple in human diets for decades and a widely used food item. In addition to its use as a culinary component and preservation agent, it is also employed in traditional medicine for a diverse range of objectives, a practice that has been substantiated by existing scientific investigations on its physiological impacts in the majority of instances. Piperine contains various bioactive effects, such as antibacterial activity, in addition to several physiological benefits that could help overall human health, such as immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimetastatic, anticancer, and many more properties that have been established. Clinical trials revealed that this phytochemical has exceptional antioxidant, anticancer, and drug availability-enhancing properties, as well as immunomodulatory potential. The different components of evidence indicate the therapeutic potential of piperine and underscore the importance of incorporating it into both broad health-promoting interventions and supplementary treatment pharmaceutical formulations. This inclusion can enhance the bioavailability of other therapeutic medications, including those used in chemotherapy.

IJPSM, 2021

Black pepper spices have many benefits in life. The most commonly used service is as a spice in the kitchen because it has a distinctive taste. Black pepper is one of the oldest spices and is most widely used for cooking and in the health sector, namely traditional medicine called the "king of spices."The data collection was sourced from the internet, such as Google Scholar, Researchgate, Science direct, books on black pepper, and trusted journal publishers from 2000-2020. Traditional medicine uses plants that exist in nature, such as roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits that are easier to obtain. Besides not having side effects, they can also be used for a long time. The main content of piperine and essential oil from black pepper has many pharmacological effects, including an antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, increases libido, anti-diarrhea and others. Based on this, a lot of research has been done on black pepper's chemical content and its pharmacological effects.