The development of smart antennas
Randy HauptIEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium. 2001 Digest. Held in conjunction with: USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37229)
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Abstract
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The paper discusses the evolution of smart antennas, beginning with sidelobe cancelers from the 1950s to contemporary designs. It explores the mechanism by which smart antennas enhance performance through modifications in signal reception and cancellation of unwanted interference. The work highlights key technologies such as adaptive antennas, digital beamforming, and their implications for improving signal quality in complex environments.
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Smart antennas have received increasing interest for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. These systems of antennas include a large number of techniques that attempt to enhance the received signal, suppress all interfering signals, and increase capacity, in general. The main purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current state of research in the area of smart antennas, and to describe how they can be used in wireless systems. A smart antenna takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Diversity effect involves the transmission and/or reception of multiple radio frequency (RF) waves to increase data speed and reduce the error rate. Thus, this article provides a basic model for determining the angle of arrival for incoming signals, the appropriate antenna beamforming, and the adaptive algorithms that are currently used for array processing. Moreover, it is shown how smart antennas, with spatial processing, can provide substantial additional improvement when used with TDMA and CDMA digitalcommunication systems. I.
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A novel design of smart antenna system with adaptive beamforming capability is introduced for broad-band wireless communication. To achieve high data throughput of the multiantenna system, a parallel analog-digital (A/D) signal processing scheme is proposed. The essential idea is to realize the real-time beamforming using a heterodyne RF and IF circuitry. The bottleneck of digital signal processor (DSP) I/O and processing speed is thus relieved, while the advanced signal processing capability of the DSP chip is utilized. Based on this idea, a 5.8 GHz smart antenna receiver is implemented. Various experiments are carried out to examine the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, beam synthesis, and bit error rate (BER) performances of the system. A 20-Mb/s data throughput using binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation is demonstrated for this eight-element adaptive array. Index Terms-Adaptive antennas, broad-band communication, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation, phased arrays, wireless local area network (WLAN). R ECENTLY, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have received increased popularity due to their flexibility and convenience. A high-speed data rate is necessary in order to comply with the requirements of advanced services, such as internet broadcasting and conferencing. Due to the increasing over usage of the low end of the spectrum, people started to explore the higher frequency band for these applications, where more spectrum is available. In the U.S., about 300-MHz bandwidth in the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band from 5.2 to 5.8 GHz has been allocated for indoor or outdoor use of unlicensed applications. Some other countries consider the frequency band around 60 GHz as one of the most promising bands for wireless applications where giga bit data rates are possible. However, with higher frequencies, higher data rate, and higher user density, multipath fading and cross-interference become more serious issues, resulting in the degradation of bit error rate (BER). To combat these problems and to achieve higher communication capacity, smart antenna systems with adaptive beamforming capability have proven to be very effective in suppression of the interference and multipath signals . Smart antennas are often considered as phased-array antennas with adaptive control. In principle, traditional beamforming ap-Manuscript
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Adaptive beamforming is one of the radio resource controlling systems and define as a process by which an adaptive spatial signal processing are performed on array of antennas. By the addition of the signals weights constructively in the preferred direction of signal, adaptive beamforming technique creates radiation pattern on antenna array thereby nulling pattern in the unwanted direction that is interference. These arrays are antennas in the smart antenna context. Adaptive beamforming are normally used to achieve spatial selectivity at transmitting and receiving ends. In this research work, adaptive beamforming algorithms techniques (Least Mean Square and Recursive Least Square) are considered for the smart antennas. Uniform array of isotropic elements M (10, 15, and 20) are considered having their coordinate system in the direction of y. The spacing of the antenna elements are varied at d (0.5λ, 0.6λ and 2λ). The angles at which the grating lobe appears, steering angle, and the antenna element's effect spacing on beamforming has been examined. The following are the observation as the antenna element spacing are increasing: (i) narrower main lobe, (ii) grating lobes, (iii) reduction in beamwidth (thus making the array more directional), and (iv) reduction in sidelobe level, thus improving beamforming. It has been also observed that there is no grating lobe when d/λ = 0.5, which we have considered as the optimal design spacing for the array antenna elements in the smart antenna..
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