Modelling and simulation of BIPV installations in Norway

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2019

Use of solar cells (PV) and solar collectors are key remedies in buildings where a large part of the energy supply should be based on renewable energy. The aim of this work has been to evaluate calculated and measured solar production of two identical BIPV roofs located at the ZEB Living Laboratory situated at NTNU-campus in Trondheim. Temperature, irradiance and wind speed and direction at the rooftop of the building have been monitored since the construction of the house. There was found a large difference in energy production of the northern roof section and the southern. One possible explanation is shading of the northern roof because of low solar azimuth during the measuring period. In order to avoid such disadvantages, design of the PV-roofs should be considered early in the design phase of the building project. A small difference was found between the hourly measured and the calculated values of the PV performance based on the monitored local climate data. Use of generic clim...

2018

The temperatures of c-Si and pc-Si BIPV configurations of different manufacturers were studied when operating under various environmental conditions. The BIPV configurations formed part of the roof in a Zero Energy Building, (ZEB), hanged over windows with varying inclination on a seasonal basis and finally two identical 0.5kWp PV generators were mounted on a terrace in two modes: fixed inclination and sun-tracking. The PV and ambient temperatures, Tpv and Ta, respectively, the intensity of the global solar radiation on the modules, IT, and the wind velocity on their surface, vw, were monitored for 2 years. The effect of the intensity, IT, the PV module inclination and vw, on Tpv was investigated. The values of the coefficient f relating Tpv and IT, were determined and argued for the configurations studied. A theoretical model was elaborated to predict Tpv and f for the cases of PV modules embedded on a roof, hanging over the windows and in free standing configurations. The effect o...

Energy Procedia, 2017

The paper presents the analysis of the photovoltaic (PV)panels integrated into buildings. The study is realized for the same system placed in different locations, in a temperate zone, such as the climate of Romania. For all studied cases, the PV panels are examined for the same orientations in vertical and horizontal position. In these circumstances, when the panels are in a fixed position, the possibility of raising the efficiency is limited to controlling the operating temperature of the photovoltaic cells. The model and the functioning parameters are processed using TRNSYS software.

EMARA: Indonesian Journal of Architecture

generated from a variety of sources, both renewable and nonrenewable. Switching from nonrenewable to renewable energy sources is one of many strategies that can be used to achieve net-zero buildings. In Indonesia, this strategy is very feasible due to its abundant renewable energy resources, particularly solar energy. This research presents a school building as the proposed case. The school, SCK Citra Garden, is chosen as the pilot project due to its access to solar radiation and its minimum shading conditions. Using Helioscope software, BIPV modelling was simulated on its roof, and the electrical energy output from BIPV was calculated. The substitution percentages of BIPV energy output for conventional electrical energy consumed by the building were then measured. This percentage was compared to the National Energy Mix target and Greenhouse Gas Standard to assess its performance towards net-zero school buildings. The result shows that BIPV has a good performance. Even though the su...

2018

The extended use of fossil fuels for power generation resulted in energy crisis and serious environmental problems, such as global warming etc. Nowadays, the deployment of "green" technologies related to renewable resources aspires to change the conventional power flow directions. In this framework, scientific community puts all the efforts to provide a sustainable and efficient solutions in respect with renewable resources and their application. Taking into consideration the fact that 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, the use of renewable energy sources as part of the building envelope could potentially provide a promising solution, transforming buildings from "energy consumers" to "energy producers". One of the most appealing and easily installed technologies of renewable generation is related to the photovoltaic systems (PVs). However, the challenge is to increase the possible integration of PVs into the building i...

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2018

This article describes a mathematical model implemented in Matlab/Simulink to evaluate the performance of building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPVS). The proposed methodology allows to model independently the solar panel, the photovoltaic (pv) generator, inverter and the grid to integrate them into a single model in Simulink in order to evaluate the performance of the complete system. The validation of the model was made on a BIPV system of 6 kWp installed in a building at the Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogota, Colombia. The results indicate that there is a correlation greater than 0.9 between DC and AC power generated by the BIPV system and calculated by the model proposed for any weather condition. 1. INTRODUCTION Besides being a renewable and pollution free energy generation technology with no moving parts, PV modules can also be integrated into buildings as BIPV systems, adding aesthetic value [1]. When installed in an optimized way, BIPV systems can reduce heat transferred through the envelope and reduce cooling load components decreasing the CO2 emissions [2]. Apart from some facade installations, the rooftop segment represented more than 23 GWp of total installations in 2015, with projections of more than 35 GWp to be installed by 2018 [3]. Since the BIPV offers the possibility to replace part of the traditional building material, with a possible price reduction in comparison to a classic rooftop installation [4], [5], the correct estimation of system level performances, system reliability and system availability is becoming more important and popular among installers, integrators, investors and owners; with this purpose several tools and models were developed [6-8]. The combination of different phenomena, such as the solar radiation available on site, the presence of dust, the shadowing or UV radiation over long outdoor exposure, affect in different ways the performance of BIPV systems and thus the related economic evaluations [9-11]. Many studies have been devoted to develop different non-linear electric models used to describe the characteristics of the PV modules and the effect on module performance of temperature, radiation intensity and other parameters and equipment/systems under non-standard conditions [12-20]. We offer a new method to model and analyze the performance of BIPV systems using Matlab/Simulink. In Section 2 of this article the mathematical description of the proposed model is presented to evaluate the performance of BIPV systems. Subsequently, Section 3 describes the 6 kW BIPV system installed. Section 4 presents the results obtained and the validation of the model with monitored data of the BIPV system. Finally, Section 5 presents the conclusions of the research carried out.

Energy Procedia, 2014

When installing photovoltaic modules on buildings, the mounting system significantly affects both the heat-exchange between the module and the building envelope, and the operating temperatures of the PV modules, which in turn strongly influence the energy yield of the PV system. It is therefore important to be able to simulate and evaluate in advance the behaviour and the potential advantages of a certain type of installation. This paper presents the monitoring results of two examples of building integrated PV systems when installed as a façade cladding system or as roof tiles. The investigated parameter (i.e.: module temperature, electrical parameter, energy yield) can be used to predict the behaviour of such modules on real buildings.

This research calibrates and validates a model for monocrystalline photovoltaic systems in SAM (System Advisor Model) for power generation simulation, considering the meteorological characteristics of Cuenca, Ecuador, close to the equatorial line. The electrical performance is calculated by arranging photovoltaic systems with specific characteristics, with inclinations that respond to conventional local roofing and different orientations. Efficiency is calculated with in situ measurements over a period of 18 days. Meteorological data were used to calibrate a weather file for the year 2016. Annual yields are estimated according to inclination and orientation, and technical characteristics of the photovoltaic system. Losses are detected due to dirt accumulation and increase in temperature of the panels. The model is validated by linear regression, by comparing the simulated values with the data obtained from in situ measurements of a reference panel deployed horizontally. The results show an average efficiency loss of 2.77% for dirt conditions and up to 30% for temperature increases.The validation of the model showed a determination coefficient R2=0.996 and a normalized Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 8.16%. It is concluded that because of the particular latitude of the study site, unlike most of the planet, the provision of photovoltaic panels in any orientation considering low slopes does not significantly reduce the annual power generation performance.

AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014

Temperatures of c-Si, pc-Si and a-Si PV modules making part of a roof in a building or hanging outside windows with various inclinations were measured with respect to the Intensity of the solar radiation on them under various environmental conditions. A relationship coefficient f was provided whose values are compared to those from a PV array operating in a free standing mode on a terrace. A theoretical model to predict f was elaborated. According to the analysis, the coefficient f takes higher values for PV modules embedded on a roof compared to the free standing PV array. The wind effect is much stronger for the free standing PV than for any BIPV configuration, either the PV is part of the roof, or placed upon the roof, or is placed outside a window like a shadow hanger. The f coefficient depends on various parameters such as angle of inclination, wind speed and direction, as well as solar radiation. For very low wind speeds the effect of the angle of inclination, , of the PV module with respect to the horizontal on PV temperature is clear. As the wind speed increases, the heat transfer from the PV module shifts from natural flow to forced flow and this effect vanishes. The coefficient f values range from almost 0.01 m 2o C/W for free standing PV arrays at strong wind speeds, v w >7m/s, up to around 0.05 m 2o C/W for the case of flexible PV modules which make part of the roof in a BIPV system

Building and Environment, 2011

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) modules on building façades and rooftops is an ideal application of solar electricity generators in the urban environment. Maximum annual performance of grid-connected PV is usually obtained with modules tilted at an angle equal to the site latitude, facing the equator. The performance of PV systems not tilted and oriented ideally can drop considerably, depending on site latitude. With grid parity e when the cost of solar electricity becomes competitive with conventional electricity e expected in many countries in the present decade, a more widespread application of PV on buildings is expected, and in this context the main goal of this paper is to demonstrate that good compromises between form and function are possible. In this work we compare the annual energy generation of a curved BIPV system installed as a car port rooftop, with an ideally-oriented and tilted, flat BIPV system installed as a building's rooftop cover at a low-latitude site (27 S). For the one-year period analysed, the curved-shape BIPV system annual yield was 12% lower than that of the reference BIPV system, and during the summer months (November to February), the curved BIPV installation presented a higher energy yield than the latitude-tilted generator. With these results we show that a good compromise can be reached between form and function in BIPV systems.