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2009, Cambridge University Press eBooks
AI
This report addresses the serious psychological and medical issues surrounding anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, two eating disorders characterized by disordered eating behaviors and deep emotional turmoil. Anorexia nervosa leads to self-starvation and severe physical complications, while bulimia nervosa involves episodes of binge-eating followed by purging. Both conditions predominantly affect young women, though they can also affect men, and are often exacerbated by societal pressures regarding thinness.
BJSTR, 2017
To provide deeper & novel perspective about Anorexia Nervosa, as an Eating Disorder. Other than focusing on book-based explanations on symptoms & treatments, to be able to get the picture of the mental disorder from the sufferers’ eyes….A disorder most often seen in adolescent females characterized by a refusal to maintain minimally normal body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbance in body image, development of amenorrhea in postmenarcheal females Body weight is maintained at least 15% below that expected (either lost or never achieved), or Body Mass Index (BMI) is 17.5 or lessThe weight loss is self-induced by avoidance of ‘fattening foods’ and one or more of the following: self-induced vomiting; selfinduced purging; excessive exercise; use of appetite suppressants and/or diuretics. There is body-image distortion in the form of a specific psychopathology whereby a dread of fatness persists as an intrusive, overvalued idea and the patient imposes a low weight threshold on himself or herself.
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2001
Patients diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia nervosa present a complex nutritional picture to clinicians. The principal symptoms of both eating disorders center on a pathologic fear of being or becoming fat. The pursuit of thinness in anorexia and bulimia nervosa drives a range of behaviors from restrained eating to self-starvation and may even be at the root of binge eating, and certainly purging. Chronic food restriction coupled with episodes of binge eating or purging contribute to the appetite desynchrony found in the eating disorders.35 When patients with eating disorders are followed up using dietary records kept at home and monitored by a clinician, or in a laboratory setting and observed by researchers, a variety of pathologic features of eating and appetite regulation emerge. These features are apparent at different levels of analysis from the microstructure of eating within a single meal episodez1 to severe deficits or excesses in the overall diet of the indi~idual.~ They also incorporate several psychological features, including dichotomous categorization of foods (good or bad, allowed or forbidden), negative affect during eating, pathologic fear of eating particular foods, and ambivalent attitudes about foods. Most of the studies of eating behavior have been conducted with patients who are seeking treatment or have just entered treatment. Studies of eating patterns and food intake in patients during and follow-Supported by National Institutes of Health grants DK39177 and DK50156.
Disease-a-Month, 1985
2013
The eating disorders have been reviewed based on state-of-art of contemporary psychology, medicine and nutrition science, with a special emphasis put on different symptoms and forms, origins and testing methods. Among promoting eating disorders, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, night eating disorder, sleep-related eating disorder are among officially approved and investigated. Among disorders resulting from lack of acceptance of own appearance, anorexia nervosa and bigorexia nervosa are the most serious improper ones. Disorders arising from health care include orthorexia nervosa and recently pregorexia. Different origins of eating disorders are considered, divided into three groups: social, psychological and pathological. The desire to possess a slim shapely silhouette and young appearance, usually under pressure of a social group, may result in disorders such as anorexia nervosa, pregorexia, ageorexia, and bigorexia nervosa. On the other hand, the focusing on eating mainly the biological pure food, being a purely psychological and individual problem, may be a source of orthorexia nervosa. Majority of disorders have a psychological background constituting the escape and an answer to everyday life problems difficult to overcome. Recently, pathology is often considered as an additional and important determinant, which may cause or enhance the appearance of binge eating or night eating disorder. The eating disorders, if not subject to proper therapy and advising, can tend to incline and develop. The further research in order to properly recognise the eating disorders, and find their roots, is necessary at a strict cooperation of psychologists, physicians and nutritionists or dietetics.
Eating disorders, though taken very lightly, are serious mental illnesses; they are not merely a lifestyle choice or a diet gone 'too far'. These disorders occur in people irrespective of their gender, socioeconomic status or cultural background. Four major eating disorders are recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which are predominantly present in females, namely, Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder, Bulimia Nervosa and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders (OSFED). Though adolescence marks the beginning of this disorder, but it occurs in women of all ages. In addition to mental impairment and distress, people with eating disorders suffer from various major medical complications and have the highest mortality rate of all the mental disorders. Such disorders have a multifactorial etiology, personality and genetic vulnerabilities interact with environmental and social factors. Nutritional rehabilitation and psychotherapy re...
International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2003
Objective: To review the literature on the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders. Methods: We searched Medline using several key terms relating to epidemiology and eating disorders and we checked the reference lists of the articles that we found. Special attention has been paid to methodologic problems affecting the selection of populations under study and the identification of cases. Results: An average prevalence rate for anorexia nervosa of 0.3% was found for young females. The prevalence rates for bulimia nervosa were 1% and 0.1% for young women and young men, respectively. The estimated prevalence of binge eating disorder is at least 1%. The incidence of anorexia nervosa is 8 cases per 100,000 population per year and the incidence of bulimia nervosa is 12 cases per 100,000 population per year. The incidence of anorexia nervosa increased over the past century, until the 1970s. Discussion: Only a minority of people who meet stringent diagnostic criteria for eating disorders are seen in mental health care. # 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 383-396, 2003.
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2003
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, which is generally thought of as multi-factorial in nature. In recent years with the advent of new bio-technologies interest in the exploration of the contribution of biological, in particular genetic factors to the origins of these disorders has been revived. The challenge for the future is to understand better the relative impor-tance of biological and psychosocial risk-factors and how these factors interact. Moreover, there is a need for a greater appreciation of the developmental perspective in the origins of eating disorders.
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2008
Annals of Neurosciences, 2013
The development of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and atypical eating disorders that affect many young women and even men in the productive period of their lives is complex and varied. While numbers of presumed risk factors contributing to the development of eating disorders are increasing, previous evidence for biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural effects on the development of eating disorders have not been conclusive. Despite the fact that a huge body of research has carefully examined the possible risk factors associated with the eating disorders, they have failed not only to uncover the exact etiology of eating disorders, but also to understand the interaction between different causes of eating disorders. This failure may be due complexities of eating disorders, limitations of the studies or combination of two factors. In this review, some risk factors including biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural are discussed.
ijmtst, 2022
Anorexia nervosa is a serious mental disorder with a characteristic appearance. It can affect people of all ages, genders, sexual orientations, races, and ethnicities, but it is especially dangerous for adolescent girls and young adult women. Anorexia is caused by a combination of psychological, societal, and biological variables, and there is no single cause. Anorexia nervosa affects about 0.5-1.0 percent of women over the world. Previous research suggested that anorexia nervosa is a condition that exclusively affects women in Western countries; however, recent research has showed that it is more common in boys than previously assumed.The higher rate of anorexia nervosa in western countries compared to non-western countries was explained by cultural differences, as western culture places a high priority on thinness in young women. Being skinny, on the other hand, is socially unacceptable in most non-western cultures. Although anorexia nervosa is primarily a problem in Western countries, current data suggests that it is spreading to non-Western countries in both genders. This phenomenon was explained by a number of factors, including Western media attention, social and parental pressure, genetic and biochemical variables, and other psychological problems including such sexual abuse and poor self are also contributors.
European Journal of Internal Medicine, 2011
Background: Eating disorders are common health problems afflicting mainly female adolescents and young women. They are associated with important physical health and psychosocial morbidity, and carry increased risk of death. Their cause is not yet completely understood and their management is complex, with some patients resisting all available treatments. Aims of this review: To provide the readers with an update regarding our knowledge and understanding of eating disorders. Methods: Medline database has been used for searching articles on eating disorders published since 1980. The key words used were eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating. Professional books published during this period has been also reviewed. Conclusions: In the last 30 years a substantial improvement has been achieved both in the understanding and management of eating disorders, but many problems still need to be resolved. Three principal priorities should be addressed. First, the actual classification of eating disorders should be revised, since about half the cases seen in clinical practice receive a diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified, and it is common to observe a migration between eating disorder diagnoses. Second, the research on pathogenesis should better clarify the exact role of genetic and environmental risk factors, and how they interact and vary across the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Third, there is an urgent need both to disseminate the few evidence-based treatments available, and to develop more potent treatments for all the eating disorder diagnostic categories.
Progress in nutrition, 2018
Summary. There is a commonly held view that eating disorders are lifestyle choice. Eating disorders are actually serious and often fatal illnesses, obsessions with food, body weight, and shape may also signal an eating disorders. Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, night-eating syndrome, eating disorders not otherwise specified and binge-eating disorders. Eating disorders occur in men and women, young and old, rich and poor and from all cultural backgrounds; they result in about 7000 death a year as of 2010, making them the mental illnesses with the highest mortality rate. The chance for recovery increases the earlier they are detected, therefore, it is important to be aware of some of the warning signs of an eating disorder. In this review, different types of eating disorder, their side effects, complications and treatments are discussed.
2009
An eating disorder is marked by extremes. It is present when a person experiences severe disturbances in eating behavior, such as extreme reduction of food intake or extreme overeating, or feelings of extreme distress or concern about body weight or shape. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amounts of food than usual, but at some point, the urge to eat less or more spirals out of control. Eating disorders are very complex, and despite scientific research to understand them, the biological, behavioral and social underpinnings of these illnesses remain elusive. The two main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. A third category is "eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)," which includes several variations of eating disorders. Eating disorders frequently appear during adolescence or young adulthood, but some reports indicate that they can develop during childhood or later in adulthood. Women and girls are much more likely than males to develop an eating disorder. Men and boys account for an estimated 5 to 15 percent of patients with anorexia or bulimia and an estimated 35 percent of those with binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are real, treatable medical illnesses with complex underlying psychological and biological causes. They frequently co-exit with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. People with eating disorders also can suffer from numerous other physical health complications, such as heart conditions or kidney failure, which can lead to death.
International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering, 2022
The purpose of this review is to create awareness about Eating Disorders (ED) disease to the sufferers, their families, and the society in general. The disease threatens the health of millions of young girls aged roughly between 14 to 28 years and also some boys. The review will deal with the following topics related to Eating Disorders (ED): Hunger and why we feel hungry; discuss the causes of eating disorder (ED), which comprises of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia Nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED); describe the ED’s relationship with psychological issues; throwing light on its relationship with physical complications; the availability of drugs for the treatment of ED; a set of guidelines for hospitalization of ED patients by the Society for Adolescent Medicine; elaboration of the important question of prevention of disease; the position of ED in India, the influx of social media, social and cultural values; requirement of serious attention to obtain a realistic picture of the ED issue. Finally, quarantine and self-isolation have undoubtedly caused negative consequences for one’s mental health due to separation from loved ones, loss of freedom, loss of income, and increased boredom.
AgiAl Publishing House (http://www.agialpress.com), 2013
The diagnostic consideration of the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa has been given much focus over the last two decades than previously, as clinicians have become more aware of the frequency of these disorders and the difficulties associated with their treatment (Brownell andFairburn 1995). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as known in the DSM-IV as eating disorders which are characterized by physically and/or psychologically harmful eating patterns. Although the psychological explanation of what we now call anorexia nervosa have been known about for centuries, it has only recently attracted much interest, due to greater public knowledge and increased incidence (although the latter claim has been disputed) (Gross and MclLveen 2006;Fombonne 1995). Most people suffering from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa start by fasting. Anorexia nervosa is a deliberate self-starvation. A person whose body weight is less than expected for his or her body height and weight is considered to be anorexic. In contract, bulimia involves binge eating a large quantity of food followed by purging by self induced vomiting,enemas, laxatives, or diuretics (Goodenough et al. 2005).
Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 1996
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