Pitetra Dura | Marble Inlay Flooring

Geoheritage (2022) 14:4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00621-4, 2021

<p>Rajnagar Marble, occurring around Rajnagar and Kankroli towns in Rajsamand district of south-central Rajasthan make up the largest marble deposits in India. Rajnagar Marble belongs to late Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup.  It is mostly white, coarse-grained and compact dolomitic marble. Mining is currently being carried out at several, small to medium-sized, open quarries using both conventional and mechanized operations. Although the Rajnagar Marble has been extensively used in archaeological monuments for centuries, it received recognition since the construction of spectacularly carved embankment (Nau-Chowky) of the Lake Rajsamand built during the period 1662-1676 CE. Its use has been recorded in the 8<sup>th</sup> century Eklingji Temple and numerous other temples in Udaipur and vicinity. Besides temples, embankments, step-well constructions, Rajnagar Marble was preferred for carving of idols of various Hindu deities, including the famous 12<sup>th</sup> century Palasma 7-horse drawn chariot Sun idol with nine planets revolving around it. But use of this Dev-Patthar (God's Stone), was avoided for flooring and private dwellings of humans in keeping with the Hindu mythological beliefs. Hence for the residential buildings, Rajnagar Marble was popularly used as a unique ground-in-hand-mill-and-sieved-through-muslin-sieve marble powder-lime paste (~100-micron size) to give the walls, pillars, lanterns, or even floors the "marble-finish". An intangible heritage process typical and unique of the erstwhile Rajputana.  Most palaces and havelies of Mewar area, including the five palaces of Udaipur namely, the City Palace Complex, Jagniwas (now the Taj Lake Palace Hotel), Jag Mandir, Lakshmi Vilas Palace and the Sajjangarh (Monsoon Palace) were all built partly in Rajnagar Marble stone, but mostly with marble powder-lime paste finish on lime-sand-quartzite masonry works.  Numerous architectural sites such as Moti Mahal, embankments of Fateh Sagar Lake and Rajsamand Lake, Eklingji Temple, Jagdish Temple, Saheliyon-ki-Badi, cenotaphs of the Royal family members at Ayad (1620 CE onwards) were built of Rajnagar Marble.</p><p>The low water absorption, high bulk density and high compressive, shearing and tensile strength of the Rajnagar Marble, and its ‘blockability’ made it technically suitable for monuments that have sustained for five centuries or more, with no signs of weathering and discoloration. The Rajnagar Marble entered the global market in the later 20<sup>th</sup> century with its export to various countries including the Middle East and Japan. At present, it is extensively used in building and handicraft industry and is also famous for contemporary artworks. In light of these variety of applications of the Rajnagar Marble, we propose ‘Rajnagar Marble’ for the designation of ‘<strong>Global Heritage Stone Resource</strong>’.</p>

INAC, 2023

MARBLE as Building materials of Hindu temples

IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2012

This research papergives a comprehensive study of the structural forms, decorative designsand inlay work of themiḥrāb, marble fountain and kursi built in the sanctuary of the Faisal MosqueIslamabad. At first inlay work with lapis lazuli on themiḥrābof the mosque is mentioned. Secondly golden metallic inlay decoration of the walls and floor of the marble fountain is explained and lastly the technique is discussed with the reference to the kursi built in the sanctuary of the mosque.The technique is discussed along with knowledge of their historical applications in mosques throughout the Islamic world. The rich selection of geometric designs for these elements is described. Picture and drawings are by the author. The study is accompanied by one picture and six drawings.

Marble is the most exquisite stones in its own right. The word 'marble' triggers wonder and requests regard for its sovereignty. No big surprise 'Taj Mahal' that was developed in unadulterated marble has held the world completely devoted to it's for some ages now. In India, marble stone is held in high regard and represents the tasteful greatness of any development. Other than mirroring the sovereignty of the family beautified in marble, the stone additionally exhibits the rich custom which India is saturated with since ages and ages. India, Turkey, China, Italy, Greece, Spain are the greatest patron in universal advertising of marble. India is a significant exporter of marble, which is the second biggest outside trade worker for India other than iron metal in minerals classification. India has tremendous potential for development of fares in this division. Marble is extremely delightful and valuable stone. Gujarat, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal Some of the most broadly exporter province of India Mainly five areas of Rajasthan giving marble in different structure and hues in immense amount and they trade marble moreover. The International market is contrasting from the residential market. At the point when Indian Marble rivals different nations in worldwide market of the marble, there are numerous issues looked by the exporters of marble. This paper examines the status of the fares of Indian marble. Additionally, an endeavour is made to recognize the issues with exceptional reference to trading and language, culture, ecological, political and lawful obstructions, instalment strategy and finding the correct merchants and transportation polices, and so on, by assessing different written works and featured a few recommendations to conquering these obstacles. Marble came from Latin word murmur which has invented from the Greek word Marmorous that means "Shining Stone." Marble is known for its colours, smooth and uniform textures and hardness toughness. Marble is "A non-foliated metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to heat and pressure." Marble is delightful, valuable and solid stone on the planet. The greater parts of the manufacturers are utilizing marble for deck, and ledges of kitchen and washroom. Various types of marble hues make the floor increasingly excellent. The vast majority of artist and landmarks made by marble like Taj Mahal, Odeon of Herodes Atticus theater, The Washington Monument, Tower of Pisa, The Panthon, Queen of Victoria sculpture, Supreme court building are mainstream on the planet. Marble helps the enhancing reason, but on the other hand is practically utilized as pressing for solid total, steps, asphalts, floor covers, and outer dividers in the development business. Marble is frequently related with extravagance and luxury; consequently, it is utilized for enrichment purposes in different rich structures and landmarks, for example, inns, theaters, sanctuaries, chapels, dedication structures, and tombs. This is relied upon to infer the interest for marble sooner rather than later. Marble is additionally utilized in ground structure as calcium supplement to livestock; delicate grating material for crushing application; production of stomach settling agent and corrosive neutralizer; and furthermore as soil enhancer. These applications are foreseen to help the interest for marble during the figure time frame. Marble is a colossally hard, transformative stone made from calcite (CaCO3). The world all out creation of marble and stone reaches more than 100 million tons and absolute utilization is esteemed about $40 billion every year. Since 1999, world marble creation developed at a high pace of 8.7 percent and the business is required to develop more than 8 percent till 2025. " In excess of 40 nations on the planet created marble and granite.

2012

This research papergives a comprehensive study of the structural forms, decorative designsand inlay work of themiḥrāb, marble fountain and kursi built in the sanctuary of the Faisal MosqueIslamabad. At first inlay work with lapis lazuli on themiḥrābof the mosque is mentioned. Secondly golden metallic inlay decoration of the walls and floor of the marble fountain is explained and lastly the technique is discussed with the reference to the kursi built in the sanctuary of the mosque.The technique is discussed along with knowledge of their historical applications in mosques throughout the Islamic world. The rich selection of geometric designs for these elements is described. Picture and drawings are by the author. The study is accompanied by one picture and six drawings.

Jurnal Inotera, 2018

Indonesia has a variety of crops, especially in the field of rocks, some of which are famous to the corners of the world one of them is Marble Stone. Kabupaten Aceh Selatan, is also one of the marbleproducing locations in Aceh Province. Tapaktuan sub-district is one of marble stone processing center in South Aceh regency. The location of marble processing in Tapaktuan City is currently located at UPT Marble Polytechnic of South Aceh campus. Processing industry in UPT marble Poltas are included in medium scale industries which use tools with large capacity and sufficient for processing of marble stone. However, there are some problems that arise due to the activity of marble process. Among them, the occurrence of environmental pollution derived from the process of making marble handicrafts. Waste generated from cutting, smelting, polishing, resulting in a solution of water mixed with lime which is a problem for the environment, as well as disturbing the surrounding community for causing noise and pollution. The purpose of this research is to produce the design of industrial center of marble in South Aceh regency applying the concept of Sustainable Architecture, which can reduce the impact of natural damage due to the processing of marble stone. The method used is the concept of sustainable Architecture. The results of this study include the design of landscape central marble industry.

2019

Use of dimension stone dates back to very early history of the human civilization. It is one of those few industries which had its inception with the early human life and is still among the leading industries in the construction world. Marble has always been on top in the list of the names of dimension stones because of its variety of colors, shades and patterns and especially the good polish it takes. There are huge reserves of marble in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA). Most of these deposits have been reported earlier but there are many others which have not been discussed in detail regarding their quality reserves and mine ability

Construction and Building Materials, 2000

. Ž . Italy first and Spain second are the largest producers of marble in the world, and they share a rich history of quarrying and artworks made from natural stone and coloured stones inlaid in marbles. The present decrease of manufactured marble from Spain and Italy is directly related to the increased imports of high quality manufactured natural stone products from Asian countries. Indian stone products are following classic Florentine patterns coupled with modern uses of resins and heavy machinery. Historic lapidary remains of marbles, rocks and semi-precious stones inlaid in tables displayed in the Prado Museum Ž . Ž . Madrid, Spain have been analysed by X-ray diffraction and microscopy using optical lens with guide lights in situ samples , polarising and scanning-EDAX microscopes. The Florentine table studied has approximately 8000 pieces; however, they belong to a small number of mineralogical species such as quartz, perthite᎐feldspar, olivine, garnet, sodalite, hauyne, nosean, pyrite, beryl, chrocidolite, chrysotile, malachite, variscite, etc. The classic stone-cutting techniques were analysed through the study of the historic Gasco hydraulic sawmill, which is well preserved and composed of a dam, canal, waterwheel, well, saw room, external Ž . workshops and refuse dump containing the remains of cut marbles, screws, iron fragments, iron balls, etc. . Decolourisation and phase transition tests of stones were carried out using an original self-simultaneous optical stimulation and X-ray diffraction Ž . SOSXRD system. ᮊ