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2016, BioMed Research International
AI
The special issue focuses on recent advances in using bioresidues as renewable feedstock in second generation biorefineries. It discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by lignocellulosic materials derived from organic waste and highlights various studies on bioconversion processes, including the production of lactic acid from brewer spent grains and phenolic compounds from oil palm waste. The findings aim to promote the integration of biorefineries into a sustainable biobased economy, turning waste disposal issues into opportunities.
Energy Procedia, 2015
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 2009
Lignocellulosic biomass is a potential alternative source of bioethanol for energy. The lignocellulosics are abundantly available in Indonesia. Most of them are wastes of agriculture, plantation and forestry. Among those wastes, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is one of a potential lignocellulosics to be converted to bioethanol. This EFB, which is wastes in oil palm factories, is quite abundant (around 25 million tons/year) and also has high content of cellulose (41-47%). The conversion of OPEFB to ethanol basically consists of three steps which are pretreatment, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars (hexoses and pentoses), and fermentation of simple sugars to ethanol. Acid and alkali pretreatments are considered the simplest methods and are potentially could be applied in the next couple of years. However, there are still some problems that have to be overcome to make the methods economically feasible. The high price of cellulose enzyme that is needed in the hydrolysis step is one of factors that cause the cost of EFB conversion is still high. Thus, the search of potential local microbes that could produce cellulase is crucial. Besides that, it is also important to explore fermenting microbes that could ferment six carbon sugars from cellulose as well as five carbon sugars from hemicellulose, so that the conversion of lignocellulosics, particularly EFB, would be more efficient.
IntechOpen eBooks, 2022
The world's largest contribution to biomass comes from lignocellulosic material. Oil palm biomass is one of the most important sources of lignocellulosic material in Asia, with biomass produced four times that of palm oil. Oil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), oil palm frond (OPF), and palm oil mill effluent (POME) are examples of biomass lignocellulosic materials produced. Unfortunately, the majority of waste is disposed of in landfills, causing serious environmental issues such as global warming and the greenhouse effect. These wastes are known to contain a high concentration of cellulose and hemicellulose. Because of its high carbohydrate content, it has a promising future as a feedstock for the fermentation process, which can produce a variety of chemical products at a low cost. This chapter will describe the biochemical products produced from various oil palm biomass via various fermentation processes involving various microorganism strains.
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) contains about 73.6% (w/w) holocellulose and can serve as a renewable feedstock for bioethanol production. This study investigated the bioethanol production from chemically pretreated EFB via enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. EFB was pretreated with 1.0% (v/v) dilute H2SO4 at 125°C for 90 min followed by 1% (w/v) NaOH at 100°C for 60 min. The combined chemical pretreatment was able to remove >90% of the hemicellulose and 50% of lignin. The delignified EFB (5.0%, w/v) containing mostly cellulose was enzymatically hydrolysed for 72 h to yield 484.79 ± 0.65 mg/g of glucose. Furthermore, the addition of non-ionic surfactant i.e. 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 enhanced saccharification by 31.3%. The SEM analysis revealed that, the combined chemicals changed the EFB morphology by removing the chemical compositional barrier i.e. silica and altering the physical structural impediment by formation of pores after silica removal, thus providing more su...
Waste and Biomass Valorization
The efficient utilization of all of the key lignocellulosic biomass residues is important for the development of an integrated biorefineries uassing this as its feedstock. In this study, a process involving a simultaneous pre-treatement process with anaerobic digestion (AD) were implemented for processing oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in order to produced both vanillin and methane. Before and after treatment with the dry rot fungus (Serpula lacrymans) the biomass was analyzed for total reducing sugar (TRS), total soluble phenols (TSP), pH, and weighed. Change in the physical characteristic and morphology of untreated and OPEFB following fungal culture was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biomethane potential (BMP) of pretreated OPEFB significantly increased (62.07%) compared to untreated sample and in addition. The amount of vanillin extracted reached 3.48ug mL−1. This study therefore confirms that multiple products can effectively be isolated using a fu...
Lignocellulosic material (LCM) can be employed as feedstock for biorefineries, a concept related to industries designed to process biomass for producing chemicals, fuels and/or electrical power. According to this philosophy, LCM can be fractionated and the resulting fractions employed for specific applications. Bioethanol production from cellulosic fraction of LCM involves: hydrolysis of polysaccharides and fermentation of the monomers into bioethanol. Enzymatic hydrolysis is catalyzed by cellulolytic enzymes and fermentation is carried out by bacteria, yeasts or fungi. The main objective of this article is to review different process integration technologies for bioethanol production from LCM. This paper include: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) methods. Furthermore, the fermentation process and a comparative data of cellulases, hemicellulases and ethanol producing-microorganisms were presented.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2020
Natural energy sources like petrol and diesel are going to be diminished in the coming future which will lead to increase in the prices and demands of fossil fuels. Therefore, it is important to find a sustainable alternate of fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one of the alternatives, which is produced from different feedstocks including sugar-based, starch-based and lignocellulose-based materials through fermentation. Since sugar-based (sugar cane and sugar beet) and starch-based (corn) materials are sources of staple food, therefore, research on lignocellulosic materials for bioethanol production is a subject of recent studies. Ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials involves different steps such as pretreatment, hydrolysis, followed by fermentation process and finally ethanol purification. In this review, we have summarized the recent progresses in bioethanol production and processing from lignocellulosic materials.
Microorganisms
A new biorefinery concept is proposed that integrates the novel LX-Pretreatment with the fermentative production of L-(+)-lactic acid. Lignocellulose was chosen as a substrate that does not compete with the provision of food or feed. Furthermore, it contains lignin, a promising new chemical building material which is the largest renewable source for aromatic compounds. Two substrates were investigated: rye straw (RS) as a residue from agriculture, as well as the fibrous digestate of an anaerobic biogas plant operated with energy corn (DCS). Besides the prior production of biogas from energy corn, chemically exploitable LX-Lignin was produced from both sources, creating a product with a low carbohydrate and ash content (90.3% and 88.2% of acid insoluble lignin). Regarding the cellulose fraction of the biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation experiments were conducted, comparing a separate (SHF), simultaneous (SSF) and prehydrolyzed simultaneous saccharification and fermentatio...
Bioresource Technology, 2010
In the last decade, there has been increasing research interest in the value of bio-sourced materials recovered from residual biomass. Research that focuses on the use of extracted, recovered and/or synthesized bioproducts for direct industrial applications is essential for the implementation of sustainable approaches in a forward-looking bio-based economy. The effective use of biomass feedstocks, particularly lignocellulosic materials (plant biomass predominantly comprised of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), in large-scale applications will evolve from innovative research aimed at the development and implementation of biorefineries--multi-step, multi-product facilities established for specific bio-sourced feedstocks. This paper presents recent advances in lignocellulosic biomass processing and analysis from a biorefining perspective. In addition, existing industrial biomass processing applications are discussed and examined within a biorefinery context.
Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences, 2020
World energy consumption is increasing annually due to use of high energy consuming products and industrial revolution. World is facing dilemma of energy shortage, which signifies the need to shift from traditional energy generating procedures to modern cost effective and durable energy generating resources. Biofuels presents an excellent alternative to traditional energy resources by its use an environment friendly fuel. The present study aims to generate bioethanol using different lignocellulosic substances i.e. sugarcane bagasse, leaves of neem plants and different grasses respectively collected from local sources. Fermentation was carried out using different bacterial isolates also obtained from local environment. Each substrate was subjected to pretreatment by 5% and 2% sulphuric acid and stream heat treatment before initializing bioethanol production. pH and reducing sugar content of each sample was determined. Bacterial isolates were isolated from agricultural sites. Bacillus...
Current opinion in biotechnology, 2016
The feedstocks used for the production of bio-based chemicals have recently expanded from edible sugars to inedible and more recalcitrant forms of lignocellulosic biomass. To produce bio-based chemicals from renewable polysaccharides, several bioprocessing approaches have been developed and include separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and consolidated bioprocessing (CBP). In the last decade, SHF, SSF, and CBP have been used to generate macromolecules and aliphatic and aromatic compounds that are capable of serving as sustainable, drop-in substitutes for petroleum-based chemicals. The present review focuses on recent progress in the bioprocessing of microbially produced chemicals from renewable feedstocks, including starch and lignocellulosic biomass. In particular, the technological feasibility of bio-based chemical production is discussed in terms of the feedstocks and different bioprocessing approaches, including the con...
Lignocellulose—a major component of biomass available on earth is a renewable and abundantly available with great potential for bioconversion to value-added bio-products. The review aims at physio-chemical features of lignocellulosic biomass and composition of different lignocellulosic materials. This work is an overview about the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-energy products such as bio-ethanol, 1-butanol, bio-methane, bio-hydrogen, organic acids including citric acid, succinic acid and lactic acid, microbial polysaccharides, single cell protein and xylitol. The biotechnological aspect of bio-transformation of lignocelluloses research and its future prospects are also discussed.
Industrial Crops and Products, 2015
During the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production, fermentation inhibitors are released. To overcome this, the use of a robust industrial strain together with agro-industrial by-products as nutritional supplementation was proposed to increase ethanol productivity and yields. Two factorial experimental designs were carried out to optimize fermentation of hydrolysate from autohydrolysis of Eucalyptus globulus. The most influential variables on ethanol production were cheese whey and K 2 O 5 S 2 (potassium metabisulfite) supplementation. Nutrient addition effect was demonstrated using the whole slurry from autohydrolysis in two process configurations (separate hydrolysis and fermentation, SHF and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSF). Comparing the supplemented SHF and SSF assays with non-supplemented, 2.3 and 7.4 fold higher ethanol concentrations were obtained, respectively. In the case of SSF, 50.4 g L −1 of ethanol concentration and 92.2% of ethanol conversion were attained, demonstrating an improved fermentation performance in industrial lignocellulose fermentations.
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly
This review presents data on the chemical composition of harvest residues and food industry by-products as widely abundant representatives of lignocellulosic waste biomass. Pretreatment methods, with special emphasis on biological methods, are presented as an important step in utilization of lignocellulosic waste biomass for the production of sustainable biofuels and high-value chemicals. Special attention was paid to the methods of lignin isolation and its possible utilization within lignocellulosic biorefinery. The objectives of circular bioeconomy and the main aspects of lignocellulosic biorefinery are highlighted. Finally, current data on industrial, pilot, and research and development plants used in Europe for the production of a variety of bio-based products from different feedstocks are presented.
Journal of Biofuels, 2010
Energy consumption has increased steadily as the world population has grown and more countries have become industrialized. The fossil fuels, such as Crude oil, Coal and natural gas have been the major resources to meet the increased energy demand. However, they are gradually being depleted to extinction because they are not renewable. Moreover, serious environmental and ecological problems have been aroused during their exploitation and use. Therefore, there is great interest in exploring alternative energy source to maintain the sustainable growth of society. Ethanol, a clean and renewable energy source, which can be produced through fermentation from renewable biomass, has drawn much attention from the government and researchers. Apart from an alternative to traditional energy sources, ethanol has been widely used as a solvent or feed stock in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. However, fermentative production of ethanol has been limited using current maize starch based technology because of raw material shortage and high cost. A potential method for low cost fermentative production of ethanol is to utilize lignocellulosic materials such as agricultural wastes. We would now discuss and cite out the rapid progress in the eld of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials over the past few decades.
The major biomass byproduct from the palm oil industry is empty fruit bunches (EFBs). EFBs have a great potency as basic raw materials used for the fermentative production because they contain 37.3 -46.5 % cellulose, 25.3 -33.8 % hemicelluloses. Being abundant and outside the human food chain makes these cellulosic materials relatively inexpensive feedstocks for ethanol production and no conflict with the food supply. The bioconversion of EFBs to bioethanol consist of pretreatment for reducing the crystallinity of cellulosic material and removing of lignin, cellulosic hydrolysis or saccharification using a combination of enzymes for fermentable sugar production, and fermentation of produce fermentable sugars to bioethanol. In this study, pilot scale unit was set up for development and testing of a process for ethanol production based on enzymatic saccharification. Testing of the process including pretreatment of EFBs using alkali NaOH 10 %, saccharification using modified cellulase enzyme and fermentation of EFBs was carried out in the 350 L of fermentor tank using local strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mk, at 32ºC for 48 h. The results of each process obtained are described.
International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 2022
In view of crude oil prices, and its environmental issues, utilization of sustainable renewable alternative energies such as biofuels is rapidly progressing in many countries. The increasing global energy demand and depleting fossils fuels sources has led to search alternative clean and renewable fuels. One of the best alternatives to the gasoline is lignocellulosic bioethanol. Recent researches on lignocellulosic bioethanol focuses on advancement of pretreatment techniques for improved sugar yields and decreased inhibitors production. Pretreatment technique with no or less use of chemicals and cost effectiveness is the main purpose of most of the researches. Biological pretreatment techniques produce less fermentation inhibitors than chemical pretreatments. In order to cope with fermentation inhibitors different strategies can be adopted during pretreatment processes. In the course of time, advancements in production process over separate hydrolysis and fermentation have been intro...
Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati
Lignocellulosic material (LCM) can be employed as feedstock for biorefineries, a concept related to industries designed to process biomass for producing chemicals, fuels and/or electrical power. According to this philosophy, LCM can be fractionated and the resulting fractions employed for specific applications. Bioethanol production from cellulosic fraction of LCM involves: hydrolysis of polysaccharides and fermentation of the monomers into bioethanol. Enzymatic hydrolysis is catalyzed by cellulolytic enzymes and fermentation is carried out by bacteria, yeasts or fungi. The main objective of this article is to review different process integration technologies for bioethanol production from LCM. This paper include: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) methods. Furthermore, the fermentation process and a comparative data of cellulases, hemicellulases and ethanol producing-microorganisms were presented.
Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly, 2021
This review presents data on the chemical composition of harvest residues and food industry by-products as widely abundant representatives of lignocellulosic waste biomass. Pretreatment methods, with special emphasis on biological methods, are presented as an important step in utilization of lignocellulosic waste biomass for the production of sustainable biofuels and high-value chemicals. Special attention was paid to the methods of lignin isolation and its possible utilization within lignocellulosic biorefinery. The objectives of circular bioeconomy and the main aspects of lignocellulosic biorefinery are highlighted. Finally, current data on industrial, pilot, and research and development plants used in Europe for the production of a variety of bio-based products from different feedstocks are presented.
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