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2008, AIP Conference Proceedings
We will report on the development of optical sensors based on post-processing of conventional and photonic crystal fibres. In particular possible schemes of sensor heads for harsh environment and biological analysis will be presented.
Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2015
This paper provides an up-to-date overview on the use of microstructured optical fibers (MOFs) in chemical sensing during the last ten years, more specifically, applications in liquid media including the use of solid-core photonic crystal fibers, hollow-core PCFs and other MOFs and related microstructures. To this aim, a classification of different types of fiber-based chemical sensors is first made, followed by a description of the most important MOFs and their operation principles in chemical sensing. Then, studies on the use of MOFs in fluorescence, Raman and SERS detection among other detection principles are discussed. Finally, literature including the implementation of these microstructures in homemade and commercial analytical equipment is summarized. This review intends not only to give a current perspective on the use of MOFs and microstructures in chemical sensing, but also to make an approach between the fields of optical fiber and analytical chemistry, in order to understand the basic principles of operation in this promising frontier of knowledge.
The measurement of chemical and biomedical parameters can take advantage of the features exclusively offered by optical fibre: passive nature, electromagnetic immunity and chemical stability are some of the most relevant ones. The small dimensions of the fibre generally require that the sensing material be loaded into a supporting matrix whose morphology is adjusted at a nanometric scale. Thanks to the advances in nanotechnology new deposition methods have been developed: they allow reagents from different chemical nature to be embedded into films with a thickness always below a few microns that also show a relevant aspect ratio to ensure a high transduction interface. This review reveals some of the main techniques that are currently been employed to develop this kind of sensors, describing in detail both the resulting supporting matrices as well as the sensing materials used. The main objective is to offer a general view of the state of the art to expose the main challenges and chances that this technology is facing currently.
Journal of Sensors, 2012
Photonic crystal fibers are a kind of fiber optics that present a diversity of new and improved features beyond what conventional optical fibers can offer. Due to their unique geometric structure, photonic crystal fibers present special properties and capabilities that lead to an outstanding potential for sensing applications. A review of photonic crystal fiber sensors is presented. Two different groups of sensors are detailed separately: physical and biochemical sensors, based on the sensor measured parameter. Several sensors have been reported until the date, and more are expected to be developed due to the remarkable characteristics such fibers can offer.
Optics Express, 2005
Two protocols of optical sensing realized with the same photonic-crystal fiber are compared. In the first protocol, diode-laser radiation is delivered to a sample through the central core of a dualcladding photonic-crystal fiber with a diameter of a few micrometers, while the large-diameter fiber cladding serves to collect the fluorescent response from the sample and to guide it to a detector in the backward direction. In the second scheme, liquid sample is collected by a microcapillary array in the fiber cladding and is interrogated by laser radiation guided in the fiber modes. For sample fluids with refractive indices exceeding the refractive index of the fiber material, fluid channels in photonic-crystal fibers can guide laser light by total internal reflection, providing an 80% overlap of interrogating radiation with sample fluid.
Sensors
In this review paper some recent advances on optical sensors based on photonic crystal fibres are reported. The different strategies successfully applied in order to obtain feasible and reliable monitoring systems in several application fields, including medicine, biology, environment sustainability, communications systems are highlighted. Emphasis is given to the exploitation of integrated systems and/or single elements based on photonic crystal fibers employing Bragg gratings (FBGs), long period gratings (LPGs), interferometers, plasmon propagation, off-set spliced fibers, evanescent field and hollow core geometries. Examples of recent optical fiber sensors for the measurement of strain, temperature, displacement, air flow, pressure, liquid-level, magnetic field, and hydrocarbon detection are briefly described.
Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2003 (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37498)
Since the first experimental demonstration of a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) in 1996 by Knight et d.', the optical properties and the fabrication of such fibers have attracted significant attention. The fiber structure with a lattice of air holes running along the length of the fiber provides a large variety of novel optical properties and improvements compared to standard optical fibers. The stack-and-pull procedure used to manufacture PCFs is a highly flexible method offering a large degree of freedom in the fabrication of PCFs with specific characteristics. A few of the remarkable optical properties of silica based PCFs are described and their applications within sensors are summarized.
Optics Express, 2006
The development of microstructured fibres offers the prospect of improved fibre sensing for low refractive index materials such as liquids and gases. A number of approaches are possible. Here we present a new approach to evanescent field sensing, in which both core and cladding are microstructured. The fibre was fabricated and tested, and simulations and experimental results are shown in the visible region to demonstrate the utility of this approach for sensing.
tm - Technisches Messen, 2011
In the frame of development of new reference techniques, LNE has developed a Phase sensitive-Optical Low Coherence Reflectometer dedicated to the characterization of optical fibres less than one meter long and to the interrogation of guided-wave-based biosensors. Thus this technique is within the fields of optical telecommunication and biological applications. In this context: standard fibres, Bragg gratings, specialty fibres such as photonic crystal fibres and sensors made of micro-resonators have been studied. This tool has proven to be very performing as it gives relevant parameters with low uncertainty on components not accessible with other techniques or needed several different techniques. The setup is presented as well as the results of particular interest obtained on optical waveguides in the telecommunication and biological domains.
Journal of the European Optical Society-Rapid Publications, 2019
Background: Photonic crystal fiber Mach-Zehnder modal interferometers based on no adiabatic tapered fibers are perspective for biochemical sensing, since they have very high refractive index sensitivity and it is possible for them to use a very small quantity of investigated samples. To obtain a desirable sensitivity to a needed analyte, it was proposed to coat a sensing surface of the refractive index sensor with ultra-thin films. Methods: In this work, we reported on a no adiabatic tapered special photonic crystal fiber coated with an ultrathin layer of a Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) antigen or with an 8 nm palladium film to detect interaction between the BSA antigen and an anti-BSA antibody or for fast detection of hydrogen concentrations, respectively. Results and conclusion: During our experiments, we received a record detection limit of 125 pg/ml of the anti-BSA antibody concentration. Fast detection of hydrogen concentrations up to 5.6 vol% was carried out. By using a proposed electrodynamics model of a hydrogen sensor, an optimal taper sensing length was determined.
Optics and Photonics Journal, 2015
In this paper, a biosensor based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is proposed and designed using Full-Vectorial Finite Element Method (FVFEM). The proposed PCF sensor consists of three concentric circles surrounding the core. The key optical sensor characteristics such as sensitivity, the field profiles and real part of the refractive index of the proposed PCF structure are investigated by employing the FVFEM. The proposed sensor can be deployed for environmental sensing when the PCF active region is filled with either analytes such as liquids or gas. By careful selection of the design parameters such as the radius of the sensing circle, the diameter of air holes in the core region and hole to hole spacing, Λ, the sensitivity analytes is determined. Our simulation results show that, the electric field distribution is primary localized in the third concentric circle with a radius of 16 µm. Effects of PCF bending on the sensitivity is also studied and reported.
International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 2015
In this review, we examine recent developments in the field of chemical and biological sensing utilizing suspended-core, exposed-core, and hollow-core microstructured optical fibers. Depending on the intended application, a host of sensing modalities have been utilized including labelled fluorescence techniques, and label-free methods such as surface plasmon resonance, fiber Bragg gratings, and Raman scattering. The use of various functionalization techniques adds specificity to both chemical ions and biological molecules. The results shown here highlight some of the important benefits that arise with the use of microstructured optical fibers compared to traditional techniques, including small sample volumes, high sensitivity, and multiplexing.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
In this work, we present the update results for using the PCF as a sensors application, where we have chosen a modern collection of manuscripts previously published in scientific journals in the field of optical, biological and chemical sensors. So we compared their presented results, in order to reach the best results previously published in the use PCF for optical, biological and chemical sensors.
In this paper a refractive index sensor based on micro-structured optical fiber has been proposed using Finite Element Method (FEM). The designed fiber has a hexagonal cladding structure with six air holes rings running around its solid core. The air holes of fiber has been infiltrated with different liquids such as water , ethanol, methanol, and toluene then sensor characteristics like ; effective refractive index , confinement loss, beam profile of the fundamental mode, and sensor resolution are investigated by employing the FEM. This designed sensor characterized by its low confinement loss and high resolution so a small change in the analyte refractive index could be detect which is could be useful to detect the change of the information of the biological molecule reaction and also in medical applications in fields like toxins, drug residues, vitamins, antibodies, proteins and parasites.
Nanyang Technological University, 2018
The microhole collapsing effect technique is a relatively simple fabrication process that produces Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) refractometer using modal interferometry in the range of 10^−5 refractive index resolution. The repeatable method preserves the same 125 μm structural integrity of the optical fiber for various applications such as multi-parameter sensing and bioaffinity. Compared to previous reports for conventional strain or temperature sensing using a single microbubble, the use of two microbubbles in the in-line microbubble structure significantly increases the light-molecule interaction for developing ultralow concentration biosensor. It has also been demonstrated as a potential reusable and label-less PCF biosensor platform. For temperature sensing, another low-complexity approach for fabricating a PCF directional coupler structure, without costly masking or precision marking laser, is also discussed. Numerical simulations have also been investigated on the PCF directional coupler structure to validate experimental result and on the microfluidic optical fiber device to rapidly find optimal fabrication-sensitivity design.
arXiv: Optics, 2014
In the present work a new model of a refractive index (RI) sensor is exhibited. This is based on a dual core micro-structured optical fiber (MOF), where two holes are introduced at the core centers. In this way, the model enhances the interaction of the fiber modes propagated in the core region, providing the possibility of increasing the dimensions of the fiber sensor. Thus, the filling of the fiber holes with the fluid under study is facilitated, and generally the practical use of the system as a refractive index sensor is greatly simplified. The sensitivity of the system for various configurations has also been determined. It is found that it can reach record values of the order of 7000 nm/RIU. Finally, the use of the system as a bio-sensor has been examined, giving very promising results regarding both the sensitivity and the ease of the calibration.
European Journal of Scientific Research
A simple structure of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) for gas sensing and chemical sensing has been proposed in this paper. Index guiding properties of proposed PCF have been numerically investigated by using finite element method (FEM). From the numerical result, it is shown that the relative sensitivity and confinement loss depend on geomatrical parameters and wavelength. The relative sensitivity is increased by a increase of the diameters of central hollow core and innermost ring holes and confinement loss is decreased with a increase of the diameters of outermost cladding holes. By optimize the parmeters, the relative sensitivity is improved to the value of 20.10%. In this case, the confinement loss of the fiber is 1.09×10 -3 dB/m.
Optical Engineering, 2009
ABSTRACT The influence of microbends on a phase shift and attenuation in a classical Corning SMF-28 fiber and in a special microstructured single-mode fiber with a limited number of air-hole rings in the cladding has been investigated. The largest measured phase shift of 750 deg/mm was obtained for the classical fiber at displacement magnitude of 117 mum. This corresponds to 1.3×10-3 change in the effective refractive index of the fundamental LP01 mode in a microbent optical fiber section with length of 24 mm. The phase shift for the investigated microstructured fibers is in 3.9 times less. The cutoff of radiation intensity takes place at displacement magnitudes of 55 and 270 mum for the microstructured fiber and for the SMF-28 fiber, respectively. It is shown that the sensitivity of the microstructured fiber to the displacement magnitude is in about five times higher than that of the Corning SMF-28 fiber.
SPIE Proceedings, 2015
Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) have special structures and offer a number of novel design options, such as very large or very small mode areas, high numerical aperture, guidance of light in air, and novel dispersion properties. PCFs have become an attractive field for the researchers and they are trying to work on these to get their properties applied in dispersion related applications, sensing applications and much more. PCFs sensors are widely used in bio-medical applications. The sensitivity and performance of sensors are enhanced due to novel applications of PCFs. This paper outlines a novel design for a generalized biomedical sensor by collaborating PCF and electro-optic effect of Lithium Niobate () based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure.
Computational Photonic Sensors, 2018
The development of highly-sensitive and miniaturized sensors that capable of realtime analytes detection is highly desirable. Nowadays, toxic or colorless gas detection, air pollution monitoring, harmful chemical, pressure, strain, humidity, and temperature sensors based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are increasing rapidly due to its compact structure, fast response and efficient light controlling capabilities. The propagating light through the PCF can be controlled by varying the structural parameters and core-cladding materials, as a result, evanescent field can be enhanced significantly which is the main component of the PCF based gas/chemical sensors. The aim of this chapter is to (1) describe the principle operation of PCF based gas/ chemical sensors, (2) discuss the important PCF properties for optical sensors, (3) extensively discuss the different types of microstructured optical fiber based gas/ chemical sensors, (4) study the effects of different core-cladding shapes, and fiber background materials on sensing performance, and (5) highlight the main challenges of PCF based gas/ chemical sensors and possible solutions.
Laser & Photonics Reviews, 2008
A review of optical fiber sensing demonstrations based on photonic crystal fibers is presented. The text is organized in five main sections: the first three deal with sensing approaches relying on fiber Bragg gratings, long-period gratings and interferometric structures; the fourth one reports applications of these fibers for gas and liquid sensing; finally, the last section focuses on the exploitation of nonlinear effects in photonic crystal fibers for sensing.
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