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Proceedings of the 2019 AERA Annual Meeting
AI
The study investigates the sustained improvement of secondary education schools in Chile, focusing on the processes leading to significant performance gains despite varied social and institutional contexts. It highlights the complexity of educational improvements, identifying trends in pedagogical approaches and the management of student diversity, while also addressing challenges posed by market-oriented policies and socioeconomic segregation. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for policymakers, school leaders, and educators.
Human Development Network Education, 2006
The Education Working Paper Series is produced by the Education Unit at the World Bank (HDNED). It provides an avenue for World Bank staff to publish and disseminate preliminary education findings to encourage discussion and exchange ideas within the World Bank and among the broader development community. Papers in this series are not formal World Bank publications. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in these papers are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, its affiliated organizations or to the members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. An initial draft of this paper was developed as part of the collective effort that led to the publication of Expanding Opportunities and Building Competencies for Young People: A New Agenda for Secondary Education (World Bank 2005). Peer reviewers for this final version were Alberto Rodríguez (LCSHE) and Emiliana Vegas (LCSHE). Final edits and formatting were carried out by Jenny Petrow (HDNED) in collaboration with Veronica Grigera (HDNED) at the Education Advisory Service. The entire process was overseen by Ernesto Cuadra (ECSHD) and Juan Manuel Moreno (HDNED). The author would like to give his sincere thanks to the reviewers, Alberto Rodríguez and Emiliana Vegas, to his colleague in Chile, Anthony Tillett, who asked crucial questions, and to Jenny Petrow for her careful editing and patience with his English.
Translated byLucía Colombino. Cuad. CLAEH
Paying special attention to national experience, this article compares, from a politological perspective, the results achieved by the students of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay in PISA evaluation tests administered in 2002 and 2003. During the last decade, these countries made significant changes in their educational systems, associated to a wider tendency that included most Latin American countries. These changes were different in each country: mercantile in the Chile, decentralising in Argentina and traditionally statist in Uruguayan. The relationships among the different strategies adopted and the educational results achieved in terms of quality (learning levels) and equity (social distribution of same) are hypothesised.
Documento de Trabajo CEA, 2009
The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we show that despite students' disadvantaged backgrounds and despite not having more financial resources than similar schools, there are schools in Chile that serve low income students and that obtain superior academic outcomes. Second, we present qualitative evidence to identify school and classroom processes that might explain these good results. Specifically, we analyze a network of Chilean private voucher schools called Sociedad de Instrucción Primaria (SIP). In the econometric analysis we use a number of propensity score based estimation methods, to find that SIP students' achievement is not due to observables or selection on measured variables. We also performed a number of interviews to SIP schools and other neighboring schools. Our qualitative analysis suggests that having children's learning as a central and permanent goal, an aim that is shared and that drives the community's efforts, seems to best summarize what makes SIP schools special.
CEPAL Review
The quality gap in education between Chilean schools with different administrative structures (especially in the case of municipal schools and private subsidized schools) has long been a subject of analysis and discussion within the wider debate surrounding the relative efficiency and role of public education. Unconditioned differences in the results of standardized tests that point to higher levels of quality in private schools diminish when sociodemographic factors are controlled for, but the question as to what control variables should be used and which methodology is the most appropriate, as well as the extent of the reduction, all continue to be a subject of debate. Here we undertake a meta-analysis of 17 of the main studies that have been done on the subject. The analysis shows how sensitive the results are to the controls and estimation methods that are used. In the aggregate, private subsidized schools score approximately four points higher than municipal schools do. This is a statistically significant and educationally relevant differential.
Economia, 2008
I n the early 1980s, Chile implemented a nationwide school choice system, under which the government finances education via a flat per-student subsidy (or voucher) to the public or private school chosen by a family. At present, about 94 percent of all schools (public, religious, and secular private) are voucher funded. More than half of urban schools are private, and most of these operate as for-profit institutions. 1 Since the early 1990s, Chile has also publicized information on school performance and increased per pupil expenditure substantially. Despite these and other reforms, Chile has found it challenging to improve students' learning outcomes. 2 Hsieh and Urquiola find that the country's relative performance in international tests did not change much between 1970 and 1999. 3 Its performance on the 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is not only much lower than the OECD average but is similar to that of other Latin American countries and low relative to countries with similar income per capita. 4 Patrick J. McEwan, Miguel Urquiola, and Emiliana Vegas 3 6. Primary public schools cannot charge tuition; as of 1994, secondary schools can, but few actually do.
Graduate Theses and Dissertations - Public Policy, 2009
Includes bibliographical references. Improving the quality of education systems is one of the most important challenges faced by Latin American governments. In order to achieve this goal, Chile has introduced several reforms such as the National System for Assessing School Performance (SNED). The System provides monetary incentives to teachers mainly based on students' performance on national standardized tests. This study shows that reading, mathematical and scientific literacy measured by PISA-2006 assessments are positively related with attendance at schools awarded by SNED-2006, after controlling for individual socio-economical factors as well as school quality factors. Schools awarded by SNED-2006 not only offered higher education quality compared to their peers in terms of national curriculum coverage, but they also contributed to develop higher competences relevant to future personal, social and economic well being among their students.
2010
2017
This article is intended to itemize and describe factors which are essential to give rise to a well-organized community for the citizens in the Republic of Chile. Over many decades, actions have been taken to make substantial progress that have increased the quality of life for citizens in an extremely demanding world, while facing an evolution in topics such as technology, science, humanities, social sciences, and fine arts. Many societies are reorganizing their way of life to catch up with the vast changes and growing speed of knowledge. Therefore, small countries that have a fragile economy must do better to become competitive with other nations so as to keep a fair balance between exports and imports. The decision should be made: Chile must either fight to be competitive and create and innovate, or its citizens are going to become poorer.
Journal of Human Resources, 2000
How to achieve quality in education is a topic of increasing concern throughout the world. Many countries have made a wide variety of reforms and spent an increasing amount of resources to improve the quality of education, but often the results have not lived up to expectations. Chile has made innovative reforms to its educational system. One of the most interesting has been the introduction of a voucher-type subsidy system and the entry of private agents in the market to provide free educational services. This paper examines the Chilean experience by analyzing educational performance in different types of school.
Economía, 2008
2004
A common vision and a consistent effort on the part of Chilean governments from the late 1960s to the present have placed Chile at an advanced stage of educational development. Today, primary education is almost universal, net secondary coverage is at 75 percent and more than one third of the 18- 24 age-cohort is enrolled in tertiary education. In addition, Chile features many components of a modern educational system, including a full school day, use of private providers, a competency-based curriculum, assessment of learning outcomes and a strong material basis for learning.
Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 2015
This article reports an original investigation into school performance measures and the multilevel nature of pupil achievement data in the Chilean school system using a sample of 177,461 students, nested within 7,146 classrooms, 2,283 secondary schools and 313 municipalities. The dataset comprised Year 10 Students' 2006 SIMCE tests results in two subject outcomes (language and maths) matched to their prior attainment in grade 8 and family characteristics. The analyses showed the lack of precision of two level models to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of Chilean secondary schools as well as the extent to which different pupil intake, background and context features of Chilean secondary schools influence students' performance. The results show substantial and statistically significant municipal, school and classroom effects in Chile and how the estimation of school effects changes according to the explanatory variables controlled for in the analysis and the outcome analysed. These results are compared with similar studies carried out in Latin-America, as well as in other countries (England and China), in order to situate the findings in the broader knowledge-base of Educational Assessment and Effectiveness Research.
The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we show that despite students’ disadvantaged backgrounds and despite not having more financial resources than similar schools, there are schools in Chile that serve low income students and that obtain superior academic outcomes. Second, we present qualitative evidence to identify school and classroom processes that might explain these good results. Specifically, we analyze a network of Chilean private voucher schools called Sociedad de Instrucción Primaria (SIP). In the econometric analysis we use a number of propensity score based estimation methods, to find that SIP students’ achievement is not due to observables or selection on measured variables. We also perform a number of interviews to SIP schools and other neighboring schools. Our qualitative analysis suggests that having children’s learning as a central and permanent goal, an aim that is shared and that drives the community’s efforts, seems to best summarize what makes SIP schools special.
CEPAL Review, 2001
This article analyses the reforms put into effect in the mid-1990s with the aim of setting in motion a process of profound changes in preschool , basic and secondary education in Chile, the main changes made, and some of the achievements and difficulties of this process as seen at the present day. It
In this paper, we analyze the schooling alternatives of families that could face school closure. This article identifies, characterizes, and georeferences the institutions classified as low-performing by the SEP Law along with their closest alternatives. The findings indicate that a significant number of families do not have any quality alternatives nearby, particularly families in rural areas and/ or in schools with a high percentage of low SES students. Additionally, when admissions barriers and family preferences are incorporated in the analysis, school alternatives are considerably reduced. Alternatives are further reduced when using a more stringent definition of school quality.
2004
Latin American students maintained a low achievement level during the 1990s in spite of huge investments in education, but significant increments in Chilean students’ learning were the result of a carefully designed development project implemented in 2001-2002 in a high standard level K-12 school. The use of “interactive learning scripts (guidebooks)” plainly telling the actors (students and the teacher) “activities” to be carried out in each session (grades 1-8) made it easy for teachers to upgrade teaching methods. Less than 5% of the teachers were unable to adapt to the scripted methods while students kept demanding this “easier” way to learn. The external innovation team replicated methods used in the successful massive Colombian Escuela Nueva program, and supervised the project through a monthly two-day visit plus a local team monitoring of every day operations. Given that national test scores in Chile and Colombia are close to the average in Latin America, the findings of this...
Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2019
Education market advocates frequently argue that socioeconomically disadvantaged students could be the main beneficiaries of privatization and market policies. However, the international evidence has shown how privatization and pro-market policies have a negative impact in terms of equity, which particularly affect socioeconomically disadvantaged populations, increase school segregation and stratification, and foster educational inequalities. The main objective of this paper is to analyze how the responses developed by educational providers in marketized environments especially impact poor populations and can act as mechanisms of exclusion. In this context, Chile is an optimal case study due to the extreme version of privatization and market policies it adopted four decades ago. Based on the case study of two municipalities in Chile, which represent two local education markets, the presented evidence combines in-depth interviews with school principals and families. The paper analyses how schools’ responses in the context of a competitive environment produce, among other effects, processes of exclusion affecting students from low socioeconomic backgrounds, foster school segregation and increase educational inequalities. Finally, the paper elaborates on the limits of education markets and privatization policies, as well as market regulation reforms, in providing better educational opportunities to socioeconomically disadvantaged students.
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