Intercultural Communication
Martin Hyde2012, Intercultural Communication
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Abstract
5-Community driven (general or specialised) information media communication: Objective: create and/or maintain common collective (community binding) references, make people believe that they belong to one community (even if this community is a "diasporic Typical example: mass media for diasporic (ethnic, religious, political, … communities Traditional and/or "alternative" media for specific social communities The scope of intercultural communication © Peter Stockinger-Paris, INALCO/Filière Communication Interculturelle 2010 NATO Regional Cooperation Course (NCC) "Intercultural Communication" 6 main sectors/domains of intercultural communication (continued): 6-Intercultural marketing and management: Objective Use the cultural specificity of the people of a "target" community for achieving successfully mainly commercial objectives. Typical example: the "globalisation" of a (regional) food such as the originally (Italian) pizza, the (US) hamburger, etc.; The opening of different non-European markets for a French luxury product, …; The optimal use of "human capital" with respect to a given norm or mission (i.e. management of multicultural teams, troops, …).
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Intercultural communication has always been and it remain an important precondition of human co-existance of earth. It means that intercultural communication between people of different cultural background. However, when we talk or communicating with other people in different culture background, we have to understand or make predicting the information, even it is important in intercultural communication.
FINAL REQUIREMENT: Intercultural/International Communication
Identity and intercultural communication. Identity is a core issue for most people. It is about who we are and who others think we are. This chapter discussed that there are three approaches to identity: social science, interpretive, and critical perspective. It is said that from a social science perspective, it said that our identity is created by our own and depending on the group that we belong to. On the other hand, the interceptive perspective builds the notion of our identities are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication with others. While on a critical perspective it says that our identity depends and is shaped through social and historical forces. This chapter says that a dialectical view of identity emphasizes that identities are both static (as described by the social science perspective) and dynamic (described by the interpretive and critical perspectives), as well as personal and contextual. There are various ways to know your true identity, it can be expressed through language and labels. Each identity also develops to minority and majority group members. Identities are multiple and reflect gender, sexuality, age, race, ethnicity, religion, class, nationality, regionality, and other aspects of our lives. Other factors that can affect one's identity are the increasing numbers of multicultural people live "on the borders" between two or more cultures-based on race, ethnicity, religion, and nationality. However, the downside of each one's identity sometimes can be used to form the basis for stereotypes and prejudice. Just like an ongoing issue with the Black and Asian people in the United States. But I believe at the end of the day, communication plays an important role to get this rectified and be resolved.
Intercultural Communication and an Overview and an Assessment of the Problems That Happens in Intercultural Communication
The world we live in has witnessed many people with different colors, different languages, different smells, different understandings, and different appearances since the day it existed. Maybe it was this diversity that made the world livable. All these diversities have created the richness we call "culture". And so all these diversity in culture created many new ways of communication. The phenomenon we call culture can be learned because it is a historical process. In other words, if we want, we can cognize the unique characteristics of many cultures and learn these features. With the communication ways that are improving day by day, getting to know various cultures and getting information about these cultures has become easier than before. At the same time, the richness of this communication network is a situation that increases and diversifies the interaction of cultures with each other. Cultures establish communication among themselves too; just like that the individuals establish within themselves. This communication, which we call intercultural communication, is one of the communication ways cultures establish with other cultures. Cultural communication studies is also a field that examines these communication and interaction ways. Since culture is very closely related to communication and this communication is increasing day by day, of course, there are some problems in this process. In this article, I will make an assessment from my own point of view by giving examples of intercultural communication problems and communication problems experienced in my own culture.
Intercultural Communication - Benett
Intercultural communication is the study and practice of communication across cultural contexts. It applies equally to domestic cultural differences such as ethnicity and gender and to international differences such as those associated with nationality or world region. Intercultural communication is an approach to relations among members of these groups that focuses on the recognition and respect of cultural differences, seeks the goal of mutual adaptation leading to biculturalism rather than simple assimilation, and supports the development of intercultural sensitivity on the part of individuals and organizations to enable empathic understanding and competent coordination of action across cultural differences. The following paragraphs expand on the definitions of "communication" and "cultural context" based on principles of constructivism [See the section on "Constructivism" for a definition and discussion of that term], and then summarize the development of intercultural sensitivity as the basis for exercising competent intercultural communication. Communication Communication is much more than a simple transmission of information: it is the mutual creation of meaning. Information is not, in itself, meaningful; it is only when information is intended and interpreted in some way that it attains significance. For instance, if you are telling me about a movie you just saw, you probably intend for me to understand what the movie is about and also something about your experience and evaluation of it. You pose the information in a language I know, use references to concepts and other films I might know, and in conveying your feeling you assume that I am able and willing to access your experience. For my part, I try to interpret the information in the way you intended it by using common meanings for words and concepts and by recognizing both our common experience of similar events and the uniqueness of your personal experience in this particular event.
Pathways of intercultural communication research. How different research communities of communication scholars deal with the topic of intercultural communication
Communications - The European Journal of Communication Research, 2013
The following article deals with intercultural communication research as a (potential) subfield of communication studies. The broader aim is to contribute to the history as well as to the systematization of the field of intercultural communication research. The author is mapping three very different national research communities: Germany, France and the US. The main question is: Why, in each of the countries under comparison, do communication studies deal so differently with the subject of intercultural communication as a research topic and/or field? The methodology is comparative and focuses on the differences and similarities in the three national communities of communication studies and research. Both the German and the French communication researchers look closely (but again differently and completely in ignorance of each other) at US research. It appears that research traditions and general trends of mainstreaming in communication studies are highly influential as gatekeepers or barriers to intercultural communication research as a subfield of communication studies.
In search of the intercultural
Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2002
a safeguard against world wars, the enthusiasm for Esperanto as an international lingua franca, and the growth of tourism and youth exchanges as means of multiplying international contacts and friendships. With the advances in industrialization and democratization, and the ascendancy of the social sciences in the 20's and 30's, the humanists' notion of high Culture, as the major staple of national pride, was slowly replaced by the sociologists' and anthropologists' notion of culture as a country's everyday beliefs, customs, artifacts and institutions. This small c culture was seen as the basis for national communities and identities. Whereas before WWI, international communication and exchanges had been the privilege of the aristocracy in Europe, and of the educated elite in the US, now it became open to the middle class ± businessmen, technical experts and academics. After WWII, in the spirit of tolerance and respect for other cultures inherited from the Enlightenment, cross-cultural communication was deemed a universal safeguard against the excesses of narrow-minded nationalism. It did not put national cultures' into question, but by focusing on the`cultures' rather than on`national', it viewed hierarchical (national) societies as egalitarian (cultural) communities bound by common traditions and customs. The switch from nation to culture occulted the power struggles within and among nations and highlighted collaboration through diversity rather than con¯ict. At the end of the 20th century, the computer revolution once again reshued the parameters of communication across cultures. Since WWII, the rise of multinational corporations, the advent of global information technologies and a global economy, large scale migrations and the increasingly multicultural nature of industrialized societies have raised an interest in intercultural communication.`Culture' has become less and less a national consensus, but a consensus built on common ethnic, generational, regional, ideological, occupation-or gender-related interests, within and across national boundaries. Before the invention of the personal computer in the 1970's, culture meant national culture,`what peoples had and held in common, Greeks or Navajos, Maoris or Puerto Ricans, each its own' (Geertz 2000: 249). Now what we have is`a scramble of dierences in a ®eld of connections' (ibid.: 250). The desire to make sense of and cope with the dierences and connections in worldviews, interactional patterns, and discourse preferences of people who didn't use to come into contact with one another, but now increasingly do, both in real or virtual environments, is what makes the concept of intercultural communication so timely but so dicult to de®ne (see Kramsch 1998, 2001, forthcoming). In the social sciences, and in communication studies in particular, there is currently a proliferation of introductory textbooks, practical guidebooks, theoretical primers and popularizers, and methodology books on IC. Making use of research in such ®elds as social psychology, social and cultural theory, communication studies, interactive sociolinguistics, language policy
The crucial role of research in multicultural and cross-cultural communication
Journal of Communication Management, 2004
Research is recognized as an essential part of planning and evaluation in most areas of marketing and corporate communication, including advertising, direct marketing and, increasingly, public relations and corporate communication disciplines such as employee communication and community relations. Understanding of audience interests, awareness, perceptions and information needs is critical to strategic planning of communication campaigns. Secondly, identification and quantification of changes in awareness, perception and, ultimately, behaviour is necessary to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of communication (i.e. the outcomes or results).
Sociological Approaches to Intercultural Communication
The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Communication
Sociological approaches to intercultural communication: exploring the 'silent zones' Uttaran Dutta & Judith N. Martin 10.1 Introduction Intercultural communication scholarship is an interdisciplinary endeavour, and sociology-the study of society, social relationships, social interaction and culture (Calhoun, 2002)-has contributed a great deal to intercultural communication scholarship, both historically and contemporaneously. i To attempt to identify all sociological approaches is beyond the scope of this chapter. We therefore identify and describe four areas of research with roots in sociological concepts and theories, and then highlight the 'silent zones' in intercultural communication scholarship, discussing challenges for future researchers. p r e-p r i n t n o t f o r p u b l i c a t i o n 296 UTTARAN DUTTA AND JUDITH N. MARTIN 10.2 Sociological approaches There are several identifiable 'moments' in sociological theorising that have impacted intercultural communication research, including: theoretical conceptualization, intergroup contact, conflict and attitudes, sojourner adaptation and immigrant assimilation, as well as recent critical studies. 10.2.1 Conceptualization One of the most influential sociological concepts in intercultural communication theorising is Simmel's (1908; 1921) and later Schütz's (1944) concept of 'the stranger' (Cooks 2001; Rogers, 1999). Simmel's stranger was originally conceptualized as someone who has not always been in the society, is both an insider and outsider, reflecting Simmel's conceptualization of society: groups of individuals at varying degrees of social distance from one another. This focus formed the foundation of the traditional (early) definition of intercultural communication: 'a communication relationship between two or more people who are dissimilar' (Rogers, 1999, p. 60). Gudykunst, with graduate training in sociology, introduced the concept into U.S. intercultural communication scholarship (Gudykunst & Kim, 1984) as 'the key intellectual device to broaden the meaning of intercultural communication' (Rogers, 1999, p. 69) to include many types of cultural groups-ethnicity, race and even organizational culture or the culture of the deaf. This conceptualization was accepted by many intercultural communication scholars and spawned years of related research. ii
Successful Intercultural Communication in Local Organization
Journal of Tourism & Hospitality, 2018
Labour force differences in most of countries will continue to be increased, as the baby-boom generation gets older, the median age of the labour force will rise to record levels. In a work sitting, we now experience differences in terms of gender, nationalities, cultures, sexual orientation, age, at the individual level, collectivistic level. Also, the differences has been increasing at the organizational level, business units, and regions and even operating simultaneously in different countries or cultures. With this rapid expansion and growth, managing diversity and intercultural issues are not only important, but necessary for co-workers and managers. Therefore, effective communication plays an important role in an organization. Communication has been recognized as a fundamental tool of sharing information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The purpose of this study is to discuss the most relevant and effective ways of communication in order to improve intercultural management. It will help to treat all employees' equality and create a healthy environment, which will not only increase job satisfaction; it will also improve overall performance of an organization. At the end of this paper, the researcher has discussed the effects of individualistic and collectivistic cultures on intercultural communication in organization, and the key factors that support intercultural communication.
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In the multifaceted and interconnected global civilization of today, each of us is shaped by many factors. Culture is one of the most influential factors that is profoundly inbuilt in our values and communication styles; and when it comes to share information among people with different surroundings, a lot of aspects come across. The sort of communication known as Intercultural communication primarily deals with understanding the patterns of interaction between cross cultures peoples/groups. The current paper discusses culture, intercultural communication along with four perspectives. The discussed four perspectives are (1) social attribute participating intercultural communication, (2) promoting components of intercultural communication, (3) impacts of intercultural communication, and (4) challenges with intercultural communication.
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Clifford Geertz once wrote that the terrain of cultural diversity is "uneven, full of sudden faults and dangerous passages where accidents can and do happen". Crossing this terrain, "or trying to", he notes, "does little or nothing to smooth it out to a level, safe, unbroken plain, but simply makes visible its clefts and contours" (Geertz 1986: 119). Cultural pluralism has become a predominant phenomenon in late twentiethcentury Western society. Ease in transportation, political strife, and economic crisis are among the factors which have precipitated cross-cultural migration. The resulting (ethno)cultural, racial, linguistic, and religious diversity in countries like Canada, the U.S ., Great Britain, and Australia, with its ensuing challenges to traditional patterns of interpersonal communications, more than anything, has motivated the evolution of intercultural communications theories and strategies. Still at an immature stage of development as an object of study, new works on intercultural communications theories are a welcome contribution to the field.
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The relationship between the individual and intercultural communication becomes clear when we understand culture within the cultural anthropology paradigm. From this point of view, any individual is the barer of a certain culture (subculture, sub-subculture etc.), and interindividual communication is an intercultural one. That is why the issue of tolerance between individuals and groups becomes an issue of the efficient communication and mutual understanding between cultures. My research on demolishing the barriers to intercultural communication aims not only to institutionalized communication (between governments or national organizations), but also to communication between well established cultural communities, with a strong identity (linguistic, ethnic or religious communities): they regard any act of communication, including here the international professional one (where the main barriers dwell in the communication between national cultures). I think that in its current shape, b...
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The Handbook of Intercultural Communication offers a comprehensive overview of key concepts and charts the development of theoretical frameworks and methodological foundations in this complex field. It aims to function as a guiding torchlight, leading newcomers through the intricate array of approaches that define intercultural communication. Each part of the handbook can be read independently; nevertheless, it represents a collaborative effort by six contributing authors who attempted to organize a volume with conceptual interdependence and thorough survey of particularly helpful methodologies. Designed as a reference book for students, lecturers, researchers, and professionals, this volume will also prove valuable and highly informative for industry experts and business startups.
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The article presents a mechanism which enables the intercultural communication through improved methods and techniques of communication and the acquisition of the abilities of intercultural communication. Each individual is the bearer of patterns of thinking, feeling and potential manifestations, which he/she acquired along his/her life, and understanding the culture of the other facilitates communication. The intercultural communication refers to the communication between people whose cultural systems of perceptions and values are sufficiently different to alter/influence the process of communication between them. The ability of intercultural communication presumes an understanding of the way in which culture influences the expectations, behaviour and ability to recognise and use the cultural differences as resources to learn and solve the problems within different contexts. It also presumes the capacity for self-awareness and to use the abilities and techniques of communication in...
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