Energy Storage Technologies towards Brazilian Electrical System

IEEE Access

Power systems are undergoing a significant transformation around the globe. Renewable energy sources (RES) are replacing their conventional counterparts, leading to a variable, unpredictable, and distributed energy supply mix. The predominant forms of RES, wind, and solar photovoltaic (PV) require inverter-based resources (IBRs) that lack inherent synchronous inertia desired for the grid and thereby warrant additional interventions for maintaining grid stability by organizing various contingency planning. Such scenarios become more pertinent in the wake of rapid decarbonization objectives adopted by different countries, stringent grid code compliance, and improved grid resilience milestones. energy storage technologies can potentially address these concerns viably at different levels. This paper reviews different forms of storage technology available for grid application and classifies them on a series of merits relevant to a particular category. The varied maturity level of these solutions is discussed, depending on their adaptability and their notion towards pragmatic implementations. Some specific technologies that require particular mention are-hydrogen (H 2) storage with fuel cells (FC) as the reconversion medium, molten metal, and gravity batteries due to their highly scalable and siteable characteristics participating in load shifting; batteries and H 2 FC due to their high flexibility for peak shaving; and flywheels and supercapacitors for quick response applications, such as frequency regulation and voltage support. Various performance metrics are critically evaluated by comparing them on their usability scale, thus helping readers make a subjective judgment on a particular technology while being aware of the forthcoming limitations. Finally, the paper delves into some emerging trends that decide the selection of a particular technology based on life cycle assessment, economic viability, and commercial and environmental considerations that are presented under the given circumstances. The paper is believed to offer a broad overview of possible directions for the electric grid business, eventually emphasizing the need for more hybrid solutions with opportunities for short and long-term storage options.

2020

Electrical Energy Storage (EES) technologies for key applications are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to batteries, fuel cells and super capacitors. Technical characteristics applications are compared. Energy storage can mitigate the intermittency of solar and wind power, it can also respond rapidly to large fluctuations in demand, making grid more responsive and eliminating need for backup power plant. The effectiveness of energy storage facility is determined by how quickly it can react to changes in demand, the rate of energy lost in storage process, its overall storage capacity and its recharge time. Demand for more dynamic and cleaner grid has led to significant increase in the construction and development of new energy storage projects. Advanced Energy Storage has been key enabling technology for the portable electronics and Electric Vehicles (transportation industry), it's on the same track for utility grid. If a renewable energy is to become prevalent during demand due to electrification, energy storage is critical component

The accelerated growth of the energy economy is still highly dependent on finite fossil fuel reserves. Modern power systems could not exist without the many forms of electricity storage that can be integrated at different levels of the power chain. This work contains a review of the most important applications in which storage provides electricity-market opportunities along with other benefits such as arbitrage, balancing and reserve power sources, voltage and frequency control, investment deferral, cost management and load shaping and levelling. Using a 5 function normalization technique a comparative assessment of 19 electrical energy storage (EES) technologies, based on their technical and operational characteristics, is carried out and the technology-application pairs identified across the power chain are presented. In terms of safety and simplicity, Pb-acid and Li-ion systems are viable options for small-scale residential applications, while advanced Pb-acid and molten-salt batteries are suited to medium-to-large scale applications including commercial and industrial consumers. In addition to their expected use in the transportation sector in the coming years, regenerative fuel cells and flow batteries have intriguing potential to offer in stationary applications once they are mature for commercialization. For large-scale/energy-management applications, pumped hydro is the most reliable energy storage option (over compressed-air alternatives) whereas flywheels, supercapacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are still focused on power-based applications. As different parts in the power system involve different stakeholders and services, each technology with its own benefits and weaknesses requires research and development in order to emerge over others and contribute to more effective energy production in the future.

Energies

Electricity plays a crucial role in the well-being of humans and is a determining factor of the economic development of a country. Electricity issues have encouraged researchers to focus on improving power availability and quality along with reliability. This pursuit has increasingly raised the intention to integrate renewable energy (RE) into power systems to curb the problem of energy deficiency. However, intermittency in the sources of RE supply coupled with fluctuating changes in demand with respect to time has induced high risk in maintaining system reliability in terms of providing adequate supply to consumers. Whilst an energy storage system (ESS) is not another source of electricity, it is proven to be effective and viable in solving the aforementioned issues. Thus, this paper comprehensively reviews the development of ESS technologies and discusses the benefits and real-life applications of these technologies. The concept of reliability in power systems is also explored to ...

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008

Electricity generated from renewable sources, which has shown remarkable growth worldwide, can rarely provide immediate response to demand as these sources do not deliver a regular supply easily adjustable to consumption needs. Thus, the growth of this decentralized production means greater network load stability problems and requires energy storage, generally using lead batteries, as a potential solution. However, lead batteries cannot withstand high cycling rates, nor can they store large amounts of energy in a small volume. That is why other types of storage technologies are being developed and implemented. This has led to the emergence of storage as a crucial element in the management of energy from renewable sources, allowing energy to be released into the grid during peak hours when it is more valuable.

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2018

Modern power systems could not exist without the many forms of electricity storage that can be integrated at different levels of the power chain. In this work, the most important applications in which storage provides technical, economic and environmental benefits such as arbitrage, balancing and reserve power sources, voltage and frequency regulation, investment deferral, cost management and load shaping and leveling, are reviewed. Using a 5-function normalization technique the technical and operational characteristics relating to 18 electrical energy storage (EES) technologies are qualitatively assessed and the technology-application pairs identified across the power chain are presented. In particular, two functions were used to normalize the characteristics expressed in real units, two further functions were used for those in percentage values and one function was used to quantify the technical maturity. For large-scale/energy-management applications pumped hydro is the most reliable energy storage option over compressed-air alternatives whereas flywheel and electromagnetic EES devices are still focused on short-duration/power-based applications including frequency regulation, uninterruptible power supply, spinning reserve, etc. Encouraged by the appropriate market and regulatory structures, economics enable storing bulk electricity produced by intermittent sources connected to the grid, rather than using it at once. In medium-to-large scales advanced Pb-acid and molten-salt batteries are considered capable of storing distributed electricity, providing the advantage of load leveling of both the supply network and generation plant. In terms of safety and simplicity, Pb-acid and Li-ion systems are viable options for small-scale residential applications, giving consumers an incentive to reduce their time-of-use charges. Apart from their expected use in transportation sector in the forthcoming years, regenerative fuel cells and flow batteries may offer intriguing potential in stationary applications once mature to commercialization.

In this study, a 100% renewable energy (RE) system for Brazil in 2030 was simulated using an hourly resolution model. The optimal sets of RE technologies, mix of capacities, operation modes and least cost energy supply were calculated and the role of storage technologies was analysed. The RE generated was not only able to fulfil the electricity demand of the power sector but also able to cover the 25% increase in total electricity demand due to water desalination and synthesis of natural gas for industrial use. The results for the power sector show that the total installed capacity is formed of 165 GW of solar photovoltaics (PV), 85 GW of hydro dams, 12 GW of hydro run-of-river, 8 GW of biogas, 12 GW of biomass and 8 GW of wind power. For solar PV and wind electricity storage, 243 GWh el of battery capacity is needed. According to the simulations the existing hydro dams will function similarly to batteries, being an essential electricity storage. 1 GWh of pumped hydro storage, 23 GWh of adiabatic compressed air storage and 1 GWh of heat storage are used as well. The small storage capacities can be explained by a high availability of RE sources with low seasonal variability and an existing electricity sector mainly based on hydro dams. Therefore, only 0.05 GW of PtG technologies are needed for seasonal storage in the electricity sector. When water desalination and industrial gas sectors' electricity demand are integrated to the power sector, a reduction of 11% in both total cost and electric energy generation was achieved. The total system levelized cost of electricity decreased from 61 €/MWh to 53 €/MWh for the sector integration.

A B S T R A C T Modern power systems could not exist without the many forms of electricity storage that can be integrated at different levels of the power chain. In this work, the most important applications in which storage provides technical, economic and environmental benefits such as arbitrage, balancing and reserve power sources, voltage and frequency regulation, investment deferral, cost management and load shaping and leveling, are reviewed. Using a 5-function normalization technique the technical and operational characteristics relating to 18 electrical energy storage (EES) technologies are qualitatively assessed and the technology-application pairs identified across the power chain are presented. In particular, two functions were used to normalize the characteristics expressed in real units, two further functions were used for those in percentage values and one function was used to quantify the technical maturity. For large-scale/energy-management applications pumped hydro is the most reliable energy storage option over compressed-air alternatives whereas flywheel and electromagnetic EES devices are still focused on short-duration/power-based applications including frequency regulation, unin-terruptible power supply, spinning reserve, etc. Encouraged by the appropriate market and regulatory structures, economics enable storing bulk electricity produced by intermittent sources connected to the grid, rather than using it at once. In medium-to-large scales advanced Pb-acid and molten-salt batteries are considered capable of storing distributed electricity, providing the advantage of load leveling of both the supply network and generation plant. In terms of safety and simplicity, Pb-acid and Li-ion systems are viable options for small-scale residential applications, giving consumers an incentive to reduce their time-of-use charges. Apart from their expected use in transportation sector in the forthcoming years, regenerative fuel cells and flow batteries may offer intriguing potential in stationary applications once mature to commercialization.

Energies, 2020

Driven by global concerns about the climate and the environment, the world is opting for renewable energy sources (RESs), such as wind and solar. However, RESs suffer from the discredit of intermittency, for which energy storage systems (ESSs) are gaining popularity worldwide. Surplus energy obtained from RESs can be stored in several ways, and later utilized during periods of intermittencies or shortages. The idea of storing excess energy is not new, and numerous researches have been conducted to adorn this idea with innovations and improvements. This review is a humble attempt to assemble all the available knowledge on ESSs to benefit novice researchers in this field. This paper covers all core concepts of ESSs, including its evolution, elaborate classification, their comparison, the current scenario, applications, business models, environmental impacts, policies, barriers and probable solutions, and future prospects. This elaborate discussion on energy storage systems will act as...

Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2023

With the expansion of renewables in the electricity markets, research on electricity storage economics is needed for a better understanding of the utilization of these systems and for improving the performance of intermittent variable generation. Collected up-to-date research of electricity storage systems published in a wide range of articles with high impact factors gives a comprehensive review of the current studies regarding all relevant parameters for storage utilization in the electricity markets. Valuable research of technical characteristics from the literature is broadened with the electricity storage analyses from an economic point-ofview. Analysis of selected technologies, considering different perspectives such as their profitability, technical maturity, and environmental aspect, is a valuable addition to the previous research on electricity storage systems. Comparing conducted analysis with the selected literature, electricity storage technologies are analyzed concerning their viability in the electricity markets. Given the current outlook of the electricity market, the main problems for storage's wider integration are still energy storage costs. These can be overcome with different applications of energy storage systems, integration of new market players, or a combination of storage technologies along with the implementation of new energy policies for storage.