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2024, Journal of prevention and Ergonomics
In the present world, India is among the top five e-waste producing countries. The estimated annual production is 2 million tons. E-waste management in India is dominated by the informal sectors. It is estimated that more than 90 per cent of the waste is processed in this sector. Unfortunately, unscientific practices are observed in the processing of e-waste. The poor e management processes generate several environmental and health problems. Electronic waste management is fast becoming a health concern for the informal sector that recycles e-waste in India. Materials and Methods: All the information has been collected from Government of India records, Gazettes, Newspaper interviews and reliable websites.
International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022
E-waste is the end-of-life electronic and electrical gadgets. As a consequenceof increase in production, combined with rapid product obsolescence and lower costs, discarded electronic and electrical equipments or ‘e-waste’ is now the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world. In India, e-waste is primarily recycled by people in the informal sector. Yet, insufficient and poor working conditions in addition to low environmental standards endanger people and the environment alike. In the last few years, since e-waste has been discovered as a resource by the formal world, globally e-waste recycling is emerging as a lucrative business with many large and small players competing for this waste pile. The E-waste (Management & Handling Rules) that came in 2012 in India requires only authorized people to handle e-waste and emphasizes on clean channel for e-waste flow. This has led to the growth of formal recycling. The shift of waste to clean channel is important considering the environmental and health impacts. But the formalization of e-waste recycling may render thousands of workers who earn their livelihood by collecting and processing e-waste, unemployed. However, this may not be a loss just for the informal sector, as the whole recycling chain will stand to lose. The informal sector has great collection skills and strong networks which help it in procuring e-waste, especially from small and peripheral sources. But their primitive methods of recycling are hazardous for their health and environment. The formal recyclers though not very efficient like the informal recyclers in collection are capable of recycling using the Best Available Technologies (BAT) leading to better environment management and enhanced resource recovery practices. A mutual support system that will provide a balance between the cheap labor intensive operations in the informal sector and the sophisticated mechanizedoperations in the formal recycling units is thus needed. Hence it is important to look at the possibilities of integrating the informal sector in the emerging regulated system for sustainable e-waste management
Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers
IntroductIon 1 rama Mohana r. turaga and Kalyan Bhaskar E lectronic waste (e-waste), that is, waste arising from end-of-life electronic products such as computers and mobile phones, is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world today. Annual global production of e-waste is estimated to surpass 50 million tons in 2020. 2 India is among the top five e-waste producing countries in the world with estimated annual production of 2 million tons. Like some of the other developing countries, e-waste management in India is dominated by the informal sector with estimates of more than 90 per cent of the waste being processed in this sector. E-waste contains several precious metals, rare earth metals, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastic, wood and glass. Unscientific practices in the processing of e-waste are associated with several environmental and health externalities. 3 In response to these concerns, many developed and devel-1 The earlier versions of the articles in this colloquium (except for the article by Hitesh Sharma) were written for the report 'E-waste Roadmap 2023 for India', an initiative under the India E-waste Program of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The programme was supported by the Government of Japan and the Korea Green Growth Trust Fund of the World Bank. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Neeta Misra, Sarina Bolla and Kalyan Bhaskar, the editors of the 'E-waste Roadmap 2023 for India' report, who worked with a team of experts on e-waste in India and were responsible for the editing of the initial versions of many of the articles in the colloquium.
Environmental Science : An Indian Journal, 2020
E-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams in India. Globally, the hazards of improper waste disposal are well known and literature indicates that this awareness level is increasing in India. The major constraint is that the disposal and recycling activities in developing countries are handled mainly by the informal sector where the lack of regulation threatens the health of the people working in this sector and poses significant environmental hazards. Rudimentary techniques are followed to extract reusable materials Legislative loopholes are exploited by the developed nations to export their e-waste to developing countries in Asia and Africa. Rapid obsolescence is another factor driving the ever- increasing quantities of e-waste being generated. In the Indian context, we have identified that the lack of formal recycling facilities to handle the e-waste is a major constraint. Studies have indicated that regulating the informal sector will address these constraints significantly, as well as provide employment opportunities. Gaps are identified in the Indian context in terms of policies as well as the infrastructure required. Solutions to address these gaps are developed in terms of policy changes, improvements in the existing infrastructure as well as suggestions are identified to address the ever-increasing amounts of e-waste being generated.
ICONSWM, 2013
Today developing countries like India are facing huge challenges in managing e-waste which is either locally generated or imported from developed countries. e-waste is denoted by two main features: it is hazardous due to its composition of toxic metals and elements, but at the same time it is valuable as it consists of valuable metals such as gold, silver, etc. India is in early stage of attending this emerging problem of e-waste and moving forward to achieve a regularized e-waste management system through "e-waste management and handling rules 2011" which have been implemented on May 1st 2012. There have been debates and discussions on existing model adopted by India which does not include the existing informal sector, which is prominent player in terms of e-waste management and processing. It is important to review the contribution of informal sector and ways to have an integrated system of e-waste management where informal and formal sectors can play the roles in light of newly implemented rules. The objective of this article is to form a base for understanding the role and importance of informal sector in e-waste management system with a case of Gujarat state with main focus on IT related electronics and explore possibility of incorporating informal sector in regularized e-waste management system in light of new rules.
International journal of applied research, 2016
The electronic industries are largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world. The current practices of e-waste management in India suffer from a number of drawbacks like the difficulty in inventorisation, unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, inadequate legislation, poor awareness and reluctance on part of the corporate to address the critical issues. The consequences are that (i) toxic materials enter the waste stream with no special precautions to avoid the known adverse effects on the environment and human health and (ii) resources are wasted when economically valuable materials are dumped or unhealthy conditions are developed during the informal recycling. In this paper we are also discuss how sufficient recovery of material can be achieved to guarantee recycling firms a reliable and adequate flow of secondary material. The paper highlights the associated issues and strategies to address this emerging problem, in the light of initiatives in India & present...
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2014
The mammoth generation of e-waste has created a new e-waste stream in the country containing obsolete, End of life Electrical and Electronics Equipments discarded after their intended use. The innovation, dynamism in product design and globalization replacing these equipments in very duration and made it fast growing waste in the world. E-waste is being generated by both indigenous and outsourced electrical and electronics equipments besides Basel Convention. The knowhow and compatible infrastructure for e-waste treatment is limited in India and informal recycling survived under the ambit of flexible legislative framework. The presence of toxic and hazardous substances in e-wasted equipments attracted the attention of the waste managing agencies in the country because these substances endanger the human health, environment, wherever present in uncontrolled conditions. The existence and implementation of Environmentally Sound Management is partial and progressing very slowly due to obvious reasons. The formal recyclers have commissioned comprehensive e-waste treatment facilities; but inadequate in proportion to the e-waste generation in the country since the informal recyclers are treating 95% of the e-waste generated with hazardous practices. The formal e-waste collection from all sources is ambiguous. E-waste contains a good amount of valuable recyclable materials also and has potential to become lucrative business in the country.
IJRASET, 2021
Digitalization influenced by rapid technological development causes the increase of the utilization of electronic gadgets globally. This virtual world is growing rapidly due to the reinforcement of online platform under the current scenario of COVID 19 pandemic that restricts the physical interaction of people. The increase of the use of electronic equipment and the inclination of consumers towards the latest and upgraded model of gadgets are the main reasons for expanding the volume of e waste which becomes a major concern for the environmental scientists and policy makers. These large volumes of e wastes are handled unscientifically by the informal sectors in most parts of the world due to the lack of enforcement of the e waste management policy leading to the exposure towards toxic pollutants and poisonous metals that ultimately results in serious physical as well as behavioral disorders. The open combustion of plastic materials and landfilling of e waste also cause the air pollution, soil pollution and contamination of ground water.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2005
The management and recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment WEEE was assessed in the city of Delhi, India. In order to do this, the personal computer was defined as the 0195-9255/$ -see front matter D (S. Kytzia). URL: www.irl.ethz.ch (M. Streicher-Porte). Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25 (2005) 472 -491 www.elsevier.com/locate/eiar
Mukt Shabd Journal, 2020
This present study is aims to identify the various issues and practical difficulties in electronic waste management in India at present period. The Basel Action Network (BAN) which works for prevention of globalization of toxic chemicals has stated in a report that 50 to 80 per cent of e-waste collected by the US is exported to India, China, Pakistan, Taiwan and a number of African countries. This is done because cheaper labor is available for recycling in these countries. And in the US, export of e-waste is legal. E-waste recycling and disposal in China, India and Pakistan are highly polluting. Of late, China has banned import of e-waste. In India, recycling of e-waste is almost entirely left to the informal sector, which does not have adequate means to handle either the increasing quantities or certain processes, leading to intolerable risk for human health and the environment. The current practices of e-waste management in India encounters many challenges like the difficulty in ineffective regulations, wretched and insecure conditions of informal recycling, poor awareness of consumers and reluctance on part of the stakeholders to address the issues.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2021
In India, the quantity of "E-Waste" or Electronic Waste has now become a major problem. Disposal of E-Waste is an emerging global environmental and public health issue, as this waste, has become the most rapidly growing segment of the formal municipal waste stream in the world (Dahl, 2002). Electronic Waste (E-Waste) typically includes discarded computer monitors, motherboards, mobile phones and chargers, compact discs, headphones, television sets, A.C. and Refrigerators. According to the Global E-Waste Monitor 2017, India generates about 2 Million Tonnes (MT) of E-Waste annually and ranks fifth among E-Waste producing countries after USA,
International Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 2020
E-waste or Electronic wastes are referred to the electronic goods that are discarded or unwanted. Each year, around more than 50 million ton of e-wastes are created Depending upon their nature of response, there are possibilities for dangers depending upon the condition. Discarded computers, batteries and other electro chemical wastes may outcome in unwanted results. So it is essential to be awake of e wastes in addition to the other physical wastes. The condition is alarming as India creates about 1.5 lakh tones of e-waste annually and almost all of it finds its way into the informal sector as there is no organized alternative accessible at present. This paper discusses the present scenario of e-waste management, sources of e-waste management, future e-waste estimates and possible e-waste handling strategies in India.
In this paper the authors will present options for bridging the gap between the formal and informal divide in e-waste management in India. These options are being developed, implemented and evaluated in the framework of different Indian, European, and bilaterally financed studies and projects focusing on Delhi, Bangalore, Pune and Kolkata.
2015
In developing country like India E-waste management is being reckoned as a challenging task due to unplanned discarding of E-waste along with municipal solid waste. A “systematic & scientific” trade chain of E-waste is essential to manage the present scenario both in terms of environmental protection and health perspective. The prevalence of informal E-waste handling in India has put forward several issues of concern (metals, plastic, informal recycling) that need to be addressed to protect environment and human health. One of the important aspects of current informal handling of E-waste is its recycling to minimize exposure level. However, it needs skillful protocol (formal handling) to ensure the implementation of policy. Legal frame work is another essential part that will also help in E-waste management even in grass root level. A comprehensive E-waste management plan is also needed to improve disposal practice (recycling, landfill, and reuse) to reduce the magnitude of exposure...
In recent decades, the use of electronic and electrical devices has increased significantly, leading to rapidly rising amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE).Electronics industry is considered as the world‟s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. The electronic devices reach at the end of their useful life: they become a waste (e-waste) of waste Electrical and electronics equipment (WEEE). „e-waste‟ is a term used to describe old, end-of-life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TV‟s, radios, refrigerators etc., which have been discarded by users. Increased consumption of electrical and electronic equipment due to its utilization in the day to day life of individuals has indirectly explained the increase in the generation of e waste. The management of e waste has become an environmental concern in many developing countries as urbanization continues to take place. The current practices of e-waste management in India suffer from a number of drawbacks like unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, inadequate legislation, and poor awareness. India is facing the problem of e-waste management due to lack of awareness among people about dangerous effect of e-waste on environment and human being through informal e-waste collection and absence of implementation of rules for the process of ewaste in environment friendly manner. This paper focuses on the current status of e waste in India, problems associated with e waste, e waste handling practices, strategies and rules for handling e waste. The aim of this paper is also to identify the attitude of consumers towards e waste handling practices, e waste disposal and e waste recycling in some areas of Aurangabad City (Maharashtra).
India is a developing country and is having world's second largest population after china. The present growth rate of 4.7 percent of GDP and achieved growth of 8 percent during eleventh five year plan from 2007 to 2012. As per this growth rate needs and lifestyle of Indian people changes continuously. Due to a huge revolution in technology there is advancement in every sector. The electronic and communication market is also booming in India. Electronic waste or E-waste is relatively a novel addition to the ever-growing hazardous waste stream. The manufacturing of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the emerging global activities. The main factors identified to be responsible for the increased consumption and productions of electrical and electronic equipment are rapid economic growth, coupled with urbanization and industrialization. Developing countries are facing enormous challenges related to the generation and management of E-waste which are either internally generated or imported illegally; The Indian Information Technology (IT) sector is one of the major contributors to the global economy. At the same time, it is responsible for the generation of the bulk of E-waste or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in India. Although the global E-waste problem has been able to attract attention across the world, not much emphasis has been given to the E-waste engendered in developing countries. Developing countries like India, today, is burdened with the colossal problem of E-waste which is either locally generated or internationally imported, causing serious menace to human health and environment. The hazardous components in electrical and electronic equipment are a major concern during the waste management phase. In the context of India, recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment is not undertaken to an adequate degree. However, the existing management practices related to E-waste in India are reasonably poor and have the potential to risk both human health and the environment. Moreover, the policy level initiatives are not being implemented in an appropriate way. The austere problem of E-waste along with its policy level implications is looked upon in the paper. During the course of the study it has been found that there is an urgent need to address the issues related to E-waste in India in order to avoid its detrimental future consequences on environment as well as health of human population. The purpose of the review was to improve understanding of electronic waste (e-waste) and the effect on health and the environment on a global scale. The review involved examining data and policies of governmental,
Electronic waste or E-waste comprises of old, end-of-life electronic appliances such as computers, laptops, TVs, DVD players, refrigerators, freezers, mobile phones, MP3 players etc. which have been disposed of by their original users. E-waste contains many hazardous constituents that may negatively impact the environment and affect human health if not properly managed. Various organizations, bodies and governments of many countries have adopted and/or developed the environmentally sound options and strategies for E-waste management to tackle the ever growing threat of E-waste to the environment and human health. This paper presents E-waste composition, categorization, Global and Indian E-waste scenarios, prospects of recoverable, recyclable and hazardous materials found in the E-waste, Best Available Practices (BAP), recycling and recovery processes followed and their environmental and occupational hazards. Based on the discussion various challenges for E-waste management particularly in India are delineated, and needed policy interventions were discussed. Key Words: E-waste management, best available practices, environmental and health impact, developing countries
Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST), 2017
E-waste or Electronic wastes are referred to the electronic goods that are dumped out or unwanted. Each year, around 50 million ton of e-wastes are produced. Depending upon their nature of reaction, there are possibilities for dangers depending upon the situation. Discarded computers, batteries and other electro chemical wastes may results in unwanted results. So it‟s important to be awake of e wastes in addition to the other physical wastes. The situation is alarming as India generates about 1.5 lakh tones of e-waste annually and almost all of it finds its way into the informal sector as there is no organized alternative available at present. This paper discusses the present scenario of e-waste management and possible e-waste handling strategies in India.
2018
Quick changes in technology, shorter life period and increased dependence on the electronic products is resultingin considerable increase in e-waste generation. E-waste is more dangerous than any other kind of solid waste. It is very important to know all about the e-waste before declaring it as health and environmental disaster. E-waste is the term used for old, end of life and discarded electronics appliances which are currently not in use. E-waste has both hazardous and valuable materials. Hazardous materials are lead, mercury, cadmium etc. On the other side, valuable materials are gold, silver, aluminium, plastics etc. The quantity of the valuable materials is very less as compared to the hazardous materials. In India, due to lack of formal reverse supply chain or formal collection channels, the e-waste is not managed properly. In this paper, various stakeholders are identified which play a vital role in making e-waste a health and environmental disaster. To understand the impor...
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