DECODING THE SECRETS OF TINNITUS: THE RINGING EAR

The Lancet Neurology, 2013

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of a corresponding external acoustic stimulus. With prevalence ranging from 10% to 15%, tinnitus is a common disorder. Many people habituate to the phantom sound, but tinnitus severely impairs quality of life of about 1-2% of all people. Tinnitus has traditionally been regarded as an otological disorder, but advances in neuroimaging methods and development of animal models have increasingly shifted the perspective towards its neuronal correlates. Increased neuronal fi ring rate, enhanced neuronal synchrony, and changes in the tonotopic organisation are recorded in central auditory pathways in reaction to deprived auditory input and represent-together with changes in non-auditory brain areas-the neuronal correlate of tinnitus. Assessment of patients includes a detailed case history, measurement of hearing function, quantifi cation of tinnitus severity, and identifi cation of causal factors, associated symptoms, and comorbidities. Most widely used treatments for tinnitus involve counselling, and best evidence is available for cognitive behavioural therapy. New pathophysiological insights have prompted the development of innovative brain-based treatment approaches to directly target the neuronal correlates of tinnitus. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 920-30 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (B Langguth MD, P M Kreuzer MD) and Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Center (B Langguth, P M Kreuzer, References 1 Krog NH, Engdahl B, Tambs K. The association between tinnitus and mental health in a general population sample: results from the HUNT Study. J Psychosom Res 2010; 69: 289-98. 2 Axelsson A, Ringdahl A. Tinnitus-a study of its prevalence and characteristics. Br J Audiol 1989; 23: 53-62. 3 Pilgram R. Tinnitus in der BRD. HNO aktuell 1999; 7: 261-65. 4 Shargorodsky J, Curhan GC, Farwell WR. Prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus among US adults. Am J Med 2010;

2020

Tinnitus is a hearing disorder that causes ringing, buzzing or hissing sensation to the patient’s auditory senses. It has become a very common complaint over the years affecting around 7-8% of the human population all over the world. The disorder causes the patients to feel irritable, annoyed, depressed, and distressed. As a result, it obstructs their sense of relaxation, enjoyment, and even their sleep thus forcing them to avoid any social gatherings. There has been a substantial amount of work that has been carried out pertinent to this disorder. This paper reviews existing research and work done regarding Tinnitus effects, causes, and diagnosis. The numerous ways in which Tinnitus could affect an individual have been depicted. From the plethora of probable causes of this disorder, the most conceivable ones are highlighted. Moreover, this paper documents and reviews the attempts at treating Tinnitus, relevant engineering breakthroughs, and the various ways in which Tinnitus noise ...

Tinnitus-the perception of sound in the absence of an actual external sound-represents a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a single disease. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying tinnitus. Tinnitus generators are theoretically located in the auditory pathway, and such generators and various mechanisms occurring in the peripheral auditory system have been explained in terms of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, edge theory, and discordant theory. Those present in the central auditory system have been explained in terms of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the auditory plasticity theory, the crosstalk theory, the somatosensory system, and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Treatments for tinnitus include pharmacotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, sound therapy, music therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, massage and stretching, and electrical suppression. This paper reviews the characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments of tinnitus.

European Geriatric Medicine, 2015

2020

Bartels, H. (2008a). General conclusions, discussion and future perspectives. In H. Bartels (Ed.), Tinnitus: new insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (pp. 159-171). Groningen: Ponsen & Looijen b.v. Bartels, H. (2008b). General introduction and outline of the thesis. In H. Bartels (Ed.), Tinnitus: new insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. (pp. 11-17). Groningen: Ponsen & Looijen b.v.

Up to Date on Tinnitus, 2011

Acta …, 2012

Tinnitus represents one of the most frequent symptoms observed in the general population in association with different pathologies, although often its etiology remains unclear. Objective of this work is to evidence the main aspects concerning epidemiology, causes, audiological characteristics and psychological consequences of tinnitus.

Progress in Brain Research, 2021

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Trends in Neurosciences, 2004

Auris Nasus Larynx, 2011

Objectives: Tinnitus can be accompanied by depression, anxiety, insomnia, problems with auditory perception and poor general and mental health. This work was designed to evaluate the cognitive and psychological status in tinnitus patients using different subjective and objective measures. Methods: This work included 40 patients complaining of tinnitus without any vestibular complaints. Those patients were compared with 40 healthy age and sex matched controls. All subjects were evaluated through: basic audiologic evaluation, electrophysiological test (P300), oculomotor tests (smooth-pursuit, optokinetic, gaze and saccadic eye movements) and psychological evaluation (Hamilton depression and anxiety scales, Mini Mental Status Examination and Trail making tests). Results: Patients with tinnitus showed abnormalities at both electrophysiological and psychological levels when compared with normal subjects. Conclusion: This study provides evidences that different pathological mechanisms are involved in tinnitus generation which are more extensive than we thought.