Microbial Proteases: Potential Tools for Industrial Applications

Microbial proteases are among the most important hydrolytic enzymes and have been extensively since the advent of enzymology. They are essential constituents of all forms of life on earth. They can be cultured in large quantities in relatively short time by established fermentation methods and produce an abundant, regulate supply of the desired product. In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of alkaline protease as industrial catalysts. Proteases are enzymes occurring everywhere in nature be it inside or on the surface of living organisms such as plants, animals and microbes. Proteases are ubiquitous being found in all living organisms and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. The extracellular proteases are of commercial value and find multiple applications in various sectors. The inability of the plant and animal proteases to meet current world demands has led to an increased interest in microbial proteases which account for the total worldwide enzymes sale.

2019

Industrial enzymes are the key to success of bioprocesses. New and emerging applications of these enzymes have opened new vistas in field of their production methods immensely. The industrial technical enzymes used for detergent, pulp and paper manufacturing, have a largest segment with nearly half of market share. Amongst these enzymes the largest share has been held by alkaline proteases, hence being the most valuable commercial enzyme. Alkaline proteases find their applications in the detergent and leather industries and there is an ever increasing trend to develop eco-friendly technologies. The microbes are best source for protease production because of their rapid growth and the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated to produce new enzymes with desirably changed properties according to the need of respective industry. Pseudomonas is a gram-negative bacterium that predominantly produces alkaline proteolytic enzymes. Fungal alkaline proteases are advantageous because...

The review briefly elucidates the importance of proteases in living organisms and their wide range of potential applications in the vast areas of research and biotechnology. The important features of the proteases are also exploited in a number of ways and can be used to serve various applications in different industries. Apart from their natural potential of performing various important operations in living tissues, various microbial proteases have potential applications in a number of industries. In cellular environment, proteases are involved in the breakdown of the proteins' peptide bonds and transform them into smaller fragments of amino acids and peptides which are prerequisite for the differentiation and cellular growth. Proteases have also vast applications in a range of industrial procedures such as food, pharmaceutical, dairy and detergent. Microbial proteases have dominated roles in the industrial sectors. Microbial proteases are exploited for their characteristic feature of hydrolyzing the protein and the rest of the components of wheat and soy beans in the production of soy sauce. The production of proteases can be enhanced via substantiated fermentation methods. The variation in the composition of growth media such as changes in carbon and nitrogen ratio and some other features affecting microbial growth are significant in the evaluating the fermentation procedures. The production of microbial proteases is advantageous because they can be generated rapidly, their production is cost effective and the manipulation of microbial enzymes is quite easy. Proteolytic enzymes can be produced by either submerged fermentation (SmF) or solid state fermentation (SSF). But the latter is far more advantageous because it direct towards many potential benefits for the protease production. The review mainly focuses on the microbial protease production, their functional and structural aspects and the application of these proteolytic enzymes in different industries.

Microorganisms are attractive sources of proteases as they can be artificially cultured in large quantities in a relatively short time by established fermentation methods. Microbial proteases have been and will continue to gain global significant prominence, particularly in commercial industries. Microbial alkaline proteases dominates the world enzyme market, accounting for a nearly two-thirds share of the detergent industry. Screening and characterization of these proteases from different sources serves many advantages from both environmental and industrial points of view. Most of the microbial proteases of significant application in detergent industry are bacterial alkaline proteases from genus Bacillus. The major bottleneck has been the screening of wild-type biocatalyst that would be detergent compatible with increase efficiency than what is seen today. Given their role in commercial industries; it is deemed imperative to gather the disperse literature on the current state of the art describing the sources, classification, application and biosynthetic regulation of bacterial proteases. Special emphasis has been given to bacterial alkaline proteases that are detergent compatible.

2016

Proteases catalyze hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins and are one of the most widely used industrial enzymes. Though they are ubiquitously found in a wide diversity of sources such as plants, animals, and microorganisms but microbial sources are preferred for the production of proteases due to technical and economic advantages. Microbial proteases have potential for application in different industries including detergent, leather, silver recovery, dairy, baking, beverages and pharmaceutical industries. These hydrolytic enzymes are efficiently involved in food industry for enhancing nutritional value, digestibility, palatability, flavour and reducing allergenic compounds as well as in management of domestic and industrial wastes. Furthermore, they are also involved in synthesis and structural elucidation of proteins. The present communication is an overview of the proteases produced from bacterial and fungal sources and their role in various industrial applications. Keyword: Pro...

Enzymes have greatly contributed to environmentally adapted clean and green technology due to their biodegradable nature and therefore have replaced harsh chemicals to a great extent. Proteases are a unique class of enzymes as they possess both degradative and synthetic properties. Their applications in industry and therapeutics have grown rapidly in the last two decades. Proteases comprise a vast group of enzymes with applications in various industries viz; pulp and paper, textiles, detergent, leathering, baking and bioremediation processes. In the present review, classification, major sources and physiological properties of proteases have been discussed. In addition to this, an overview on the applications of proteases in agriculture, tannery, food processing, silver recovery and pharmaceutical industry is also addressed briefly. This review mainly focuses on the challenges and the future scope of protease enzymes.

The focus of the present review is to provide an updated overview on the major sources and important applications of the microbial Proteases produced by a wide range of microorganisms that could resist extreme environments. In recent years there has been a phenomenal increase in the use of microbial proteases as industrial catalysts. These enzymes offer advantages over the use of conventional chemical catalysts for exhibiting high catalytic activity , high degree of substrate specificity, economically viable and can be produced in huge amounts etc. The selection of this topic is mainly based on the different characteristics of proteases to address wide application in various industrial sectors. Protease enzymes constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes being extensively used in the food, pharmaceutical, protein hydrolysis, detergent, cheese-making, brewing, photographic, baking, meat, leather industries , inclusions in animal and human food as digestive aids etc. It can be obtained commercially from plants, animals and microbial sources.

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2021

Proteases have been successfully made by researchers from different microbial sources. Microorganisms account a 66% bit of business protease all throughout the planet (Beg and Gupta, 2003). Since the presence of enzymology, microbial proteolytic proteases have been the most extensively thought about protein. These mixtures have gotten interest not in light of their basic occupation in metabolic activities yet likewise due to their tremendous utilization in adventures (Rao et al., 1998; Sandhya et al., 2005; Younes and Rinaudo, 2015). The proteases open in the market are of microbial beginning stage because of their exceptional yield, less time use, less space essential, fabulous innate control, and cost-ampleness, which have made them proper for biotechnological application