Scientific Analysis of Qualitative Change

Monography, 2022

17 The word 'law' in the seventeenth century is synonymous with 'form', 'principle', and 'axiom'; it does not mean an empirical regularity contrary to what we hear today in the wake of the empiricism of the Humean tradition (lawlike regularities). And the determination exercised on a natural or social phenomenon by its form-or law, or structureis not conceived as a causal determination: it determines the phenomenon in the sense that it circumscribes its possible becomings. 18 Bacon advances a series of experimental rules: variation of experience, prolongation of experience, translation of experience, reversal of experience, etc. (F. Bacon, De Dignitate, liv. V, ch.II, 1623 19 Experience is therefore in no way reduced to causal investigation. 20 I describe the inductive nature of analysis in ch.4

Marx and Engels showed that the history of the human world is not static, nor even cyclic, but is a forward movement, that can be explained and, to a certain extent, predicted (Communist Manifesto). This history cannot be understood without considering the necessity for the human animal to provide the means of existence for itself by work (production) in certain social relations. Marx untangled an unsolved problem of classical political economy, the origin of wealth under capitalism, by taking the difference (surplus value) between the work done by a worker and the work necessary to provide his or her means of existence. Engels may be associated with this breakthrough. For the physical world, Newtonian mechanics proved extremely fruitful but its very success could induce a mechanistic, static view of the world. Engels is remarkable for having seen in some of the advances of science in his time the sign that the physical world too has a history. Already in the Newtonian heritage, there were hints in that direction, like the origin of celestial bodies or the slowing down of the Earth by the tides (Laplace, Kant…) Engels felt the importance of conservation and transformation of energy, of biological evolution (geology, Lamarck, Darwin…), of the unity of the biological world based on the cell. Observing the advances of organic chemistry he stressed the unity of the whole, together with its evolutionary character, from inanimate matter to life, to mind and to society. The relation between dialectics and science has far reaching consequences for dialectics. Dialectics does not prove anything and one should not rely on dialectics to decide what is true or what is not true.

Akwa Ibom State University Press, 2013

Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 1975

Metascience, 2007

International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 2021

In the modern intellectual question analysis of the humanitarian fields of scientific knowledge is indicated as an important philosophical problem. The fundamental intentions of the cultural development of the 21st century intersect at this point: on the one hand, there is an awareness of the loss of spirituality, and on the other, the indication of science as the highest human value. Science, entering into the mysteries of space, living matter and the human body, creates rise to acute social, ideological, methodological and humanistic problems concerning the individual and social aspects of man. The large amounts of scientific knowledge development should be combined with humanistic ideals, otherwise it is sure to give rise to further discord to the human condition and the world of culture. Next natural question arises in the problem of humanizing science context: "What should be the peak of scientific knowledge in order to avoid further mismatch between man and nature, society, science and humanitarian ideals?" As a result, the task arose to supplement the analysis of scientific aspects of cognition with an analysis of its synergetic, existential, axiological components. It is necessary to consider cognition not only as discovering the objective truth apart from man or from mankind, and also as part of the human-species, containing valuables that act to determine the human genuineness. With this in view, we will consider how the ideal of science is changing, leading from principle ontology when the most significant value for the cognizing subject is the world in itself, to taking into account the subjective conditions under which principles of new knowledge are gained. The evolution of the paradigm of science and the scientific picture of the world is shown. This evolution goes through three stages: classical, non-classical and post-non-classical.

Akwa Ibom State University Press, 2016

Main trends in philosophy and methodology of science. Naturalist appoaches. The social concern on science. The interest in "scientific realism." the increase emphasis on views based on theories of probability: The case of Bayesianism.