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2016, Journal of Special Education Leadership
Introduction T has been a dramatic increase and acceptance of online learning in the last decade. In its various forms, online learning has begun to disrupt the status quo of K–12 education and, in turn, special education. The growing prevalence of K–12 online learning provides a grounded opportunity to reflect on traditions and redesign policies, systems, and practices. The Department of Education Office of Special Education recognized this need and in 2011 funded the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities (COLSD), a partnership between the University of Kansas, CAST, and the National Association of State Directors of Special Education (NASDSE). The mission of COLSD was to identify trends, promising practices, and challenges in online learning for students with disabilities. To this end, COLSD has conducted numerous research projects and informational gathering activities. As has been documented in the COLSD publication, Equity Matters: Digital and Online Learning...
Online Learning, 2013
K-12 special education policies and practices that ensure students with disabilities receive a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment are coming under pressure from rapid expansion of online learning. Forty-six state and non-state jurisdiction special education directors responded to a brief survey about K-12 online learning. Findings demonstrated the increased number of states providing online instruction; indicated students with many different types of disabilities participate in online learning; and described the directors’ reflections on current issues as well as anticipated barriers to students with disabilities participating in online learning. Ambiguity and variability existed across state policies as each state may have been in a different stage of adopting this relatively new approach to K-12 education. The authors suggest that federal guidance might be required to safeguard the civil rights of students with disabilities in online learning.
Rice, M., & Dykman, B. (2018). The emerging research base for online learning and students with disabilities. In R. Ferdig and K. Kennedy (Eds.) Handbook of research on K-12 online and blended learning (pp. 189-206). Pittsburgh, PA: ETC Press. Students served under federal civil rights laws (i.e., IDEA, Section 504) are entitled to enroll in the full range of online learning environments and receive mandated services. Attending to these students’ needs has presented challenges for educators in online schools, but research that would inform decision-making and planning has been scarce. This chapter provides some context for serving students with disabilities online and summarizes previous research reviews this topic. In addition, this chapter updates research findings from an original chapter in the first Handbook of K12 Online and Blended Learning Research. New findings suggest that students with disabilities are enrolling in online courses, but gaps in understandings about student outcomes, accommodation and service delivery, and educator preparation and support persist. The chapter ends with suggestions for applying research to practice, engaging in additional research, and forming policies ensuring students with disabilities receive services.
The Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities (COLSD) has released the 2016 version of its annual publication Equity Matters: Digital and Online Learning for Students with Disabilities. This year’s publication focuses on promising practices for addressing the needs of students with disabilities in full-time virtual, blended, and supplemental online settings. The publication summarizes state and territorial policies related to students with disabilities, research on students with disabilities in online settings, the shifting roles of parents and teachers in K-12 virtual education, and state educational agency responsibilities. This publication includes six chapters focused on research compiled and published in the previous year. It provides field-based reviews and monitors current practice in the delivery of K-12 online education for students with disabilities. Chapter 1 contextualizes the report’s focus on the link between the online learning environment and learner variability, and factors associated with the critical issue of the sustainability of K-12 online teaching. Chapters 2-5 provide findings from the Center’s research. Chapter 6 recaps COLSD’s five-year history and specifies critical questions that remain for researchers and other stakeholders. The primary audience for this publication includes educators, education leaders, teacher education faculty, parents, policy makers, researchers, and digital curriculum developers.
In order to explore critical issues around service delivery, researchers at The Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities (COLSD) have sought input throughout its five years of operation from a variety of stakeholders in online learning. These stakeholders included educators, online vendors, and digital content developers actively involved in online learning and knowledgeable about these common challenges. These inquiries elicited additional considerations and potential recommendations that could benefit students with disabilities, their families, and those teaching them.
The Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities conducts research on how K-12 online learning impacts the access, participation, and progress of students with disabilities. Research outcomes are expected to inform the design, selection, and implementation of online digital curriculum materials, the systems that deliver and support them, and the instructional practices associated with their use, in order to increase their efficacy for students with disabilities and other elementary and secondary learners. The research agenda is aimed at 1) identifying the trends and issues in online education, 2) developing and testing designs and practices that promise to make online education more effective and accessible, and 3) conducting research that impacts the future of online education. The Center is a partnership involving the University of Kansas Center for Research on Learning (KUCRL), the Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST), and the National Association of State Directors of Special Education (NASDSE). The Center is funded by the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) in the U.S. Department of Education.
As participation in online learning grows, so do concerns around the ways in which students with disabilities are served in virtual school programs, both full and part-time. At the crux of this struggle is the way in which federal and state laws (many of which were incepted before online learning existed or gained traction as an educational option) are interpreted by educators and translated into policies at the school level. Further, administrators, special education case managers, and teachers all interpret school level policies and answer to directives from a hierarchy of supervisors. The interpretations of these policies and the understandings educators use to guide their thinking have not been well-researched. In the present study, teachers, special education case managers, school level special education administrators, and regional directors were interviewed about their roles in developing, supporting, and implementing accommodations and other forms of support for students with disabilities in online courses. Findings from this work focus on the role conceptions of various types of educators in virtual schools and the tensions they experience as they work to support each other in positioning students with disabilities for success.
International Journal of Education, 2012
In the context of online instructional programs, numerous topics have been addressed. The purpose of this study was to explore the implementation of the Renzulli Learning System (RLS) in a large public school district in the southwest area of the United States as a measure of using online instructional materials toward increasing academic achievement for students with special needs. Specifically, the study explored the implementation of the RLS in support of students who have been identified as learning disabled. Moreover, the study comprised 2,750 students in Grades 6 through 8 and examined simultaneously high and low utilization of RLS with respect to state assessment reading and mathematics scaled scores through the use of a multivariate analysis of variance. Findings revealed that when the utilization of RLS was high by students with learning disabilities, the reading scaled scores (n = 1,212) tended to be higher, whereas the mathematics scaled scores (n = 1,269) tended to be lower. Implications of the findings are presented and recommendations for future research are provided.
As increasing numbers of students with disabilities enter online learning, it becomes increasingly necessary to ensure that online teachers are prepared with the knowledge, skills, and dispositions to provide legally mandated services and generally work effectively. Although the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA) is still leveraged to ensure the inclusion and success of students, working online presents unique challenges for teachers who may not see or interact with the young people over whom they have stewardship on a regular basis. Even so, little is known about what teacher preparation programs are able to do to attend to both online teaching and working with students with disabilities. With these notions in mind, researchers from the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities attempted to identify and then gather together a group of special education teacher educators to talk about teacher preparation for online learning and students with disabilities.
Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 2020
This article provides guidance for including students with disabilities (SWDs) in online learning. Federal special education law and research are currently outpaced by practice as students with disabilities participate in K-12 online learning in increasing numbers. While online learning has the flexibility to present content in multiple ways and to offer students multiple means for expression, IEP accommodations assigned to onground learning are often incongruent with online learning. Accommodations should be reconsidered for online learning by delineating learning profile skill deficits and filtering them through three lenses that characterize important features of online learning: synchrony in computer-mediated communication (CMC); World Wide Web (web) and technology; and curriculum.
2018
For some savvy scholars and industry insiders, fully online learning— where instruction takes place entirely (or nearly so) over the Internet—and blended instruction—where instruction takes place both online and in a traditional physical space—were inevitable at all levels of education. But for many K-12 educators and the universities that prepare them, its emergence seemed sudden and rapid (Graham, 2006). Once it was here, online learning promised opportunities to take courses that were otherwise unavailable at traditional schools, including advanced courses and credit recovery. Online learning also offered the potential to reduce scheduling conflicts (Picciano, Seaman, Shea, & Swan, 2012). However, scholars have also sounded warnings about potential policy and practical challenges for students who need extra support for learning, including those with disabilities, in online envi
This chapter reviews published, peer-reviewed research from the most recent decade at the nexus or intersection of K12 online learning and students with disabilities. Previous reviews of research on this topic are summarized. These reviews assert that there is not enough research on the topic. The authors of this chapter employed a multifaceted coding process on articles that were located for review. This process included reading for broad topics, multiple readings by each author, and a negotiated process for final designations. Research in online learning for students with disabilities in K12 settings in the last decade focuses on (1) curriculum evaluation, (2) student achievement (as broadly defined) (3) stake holder perceptions and (4) policy structures presently in place for online learning for this special population. Blended learning studies that fit the goals of this review were practically non-existent. Several tables capture the major findings of these studies from which implications are drawn about the ever-present need for more research in this area, but also for research that is more rigorous, and is made available in published, peer-reviewed journals. Implications are also offered for practitioners and policy makers.
Teaching Exceptional Children, 46, 77-91.
The purpose of this article is to provide teachers and their supporting team (e.g., parents) with an understanding of the implications of blended and virtual learning for students with disabilities. To support these students, it is important to have an understanding of the manner in which a significant majority of blended and virtual learning is delivered for today's K-12 student. Many blended and online programs include resources and tools teachers can use to adapt and extend student learning. This article offers tips, strategies, and resources to the novice as well as a veteran teacher moving to instruct in the blended or virtual learning environment. INSET: Center on Online Learning and Students With Disabilities.
Journal of Special Education Technology
Pioneering research studies in teacher preparation in online settings have taken place, yet little to no work has been done specifically focused on teacher preparation for special education and learners with disabilities. In the present study, researchers from the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities conducted a web-based survey of special education teacher preparation faculty to determine the level to which they were attending to online education preparation. The survey was developed with a specific alignment to the International Association for K–12 Online Learning (iNACOL) online teacher standards. The results of this survey pinpoint several areas of need in the preparation of teachers who are will be working in online education and attending to students with disabilities in these settings.
Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, 2015
While the provision of a “free appropriate public education” (FAPE) has contributed significantly to the educational experiences of students with disabilities, little is known about how services are actually provided in an online learning setting. Thus, telephone and face-to-face interviews were conducted with state directors of special education from 16 states to explore their knowledge of and experiences with FAPE in online learning. After interviews were transcribed, researchers reviewed 15 transcripts to identify common experiences and issues. Preliminary findings indicate that additional guidance or information is needed about FAPE and how to provide related services in an online environment. FAPE and LRE in Online Learning: Special Education Directors’ Perspectives Prior to the 1970s, students with disabilities (SWDs) were at a disadvantage when it came to receiving a public education. For the most part, SWDs were often not educated in public schools, and those who were, did n...
Teaching Exceptional Children, 46, 127-137.
2018
As K-12 online learning continues to grow for all student populations, so should knowledge of best practices related to teaching students with diverse learning needs, including students with disabilities. The absence of a strong literature base provides a unique opportunity to explore teacher knowledge in these settings, particularly as they consider their role in the call for highly skilled, high-quality instruction for all students, regardless of disability status. This study explored descriptions of practice from fully-online teachers in their instruction of students with disabilities. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews of online teachers across a variety of grade levels. Analysis involved both thematic and theoretical elements to identify concepts for interpretation. Findings were divided into two major concepts: 1) online teachers’ learned practices about working with students with disabilities, and 2) online teachers’ sources of knowledge about “good” teachin...
Pioneering research studies in teacher preparation in online settings have taken place, yet little to no work has been done specifically focused on teacher preparation for special education and learners with disabilities. In the present study, researchers from the Center on Online Learning and Students with Disabilities conducted a web-based survey of special education teacher preparation faculty to determine the level to which they were attending to online education preparation. The survey was developed with a specific alignment to the International Association for K–12 Online Learning (iNACOL) online teacher standards. The results of this survey pinpoint several areas of need in the preparation of teachers who are will be working in online education and attending to students with disabilities in these settings.
International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education , 2022
The COVID-19 quarantine has affected educational systems in Georgia and all over the world, forcing to transform curriculum into an online format, which is a challenge for all the educational process participants. While online learning quickly became the default solution globally because of school closures, it was not the most accessible choice for the students with special needs. The aim of the research is to study the implementation of online learning of students with special needs amid the COVID-19 pandemic and investigates the challenges experienced by teachers during this period. Within the qualitative research in-depth interviews with selected practicing teachers were conducted. The vast majority of respondents are in favor of classroom lessons, as it helps the child to develop social skills, and due to the diversity of resources - motor skills, face-to-face communication, collaborative learning, physical contacts are extremely important for pupils with special educational needs. Some students do not have access to technological equipment and the Internet and were unable to use online learning platforms. Distance learning has increased the involvement of parents in the teaching process. students with disabilities need confidence in the accessibility of the online learning tools that are becoming increasingly prevalent in education not only because of COVID-19 but also more generally. Educational technologies will be more accessible if they consider the learning context, and are designed to provide a supportive environment.
Students with disabilities are increasingly choosing online learning experiences. Research-based interventions need to be applied to online learning to keep them engaged in school. From the literature on students with disabilities who are at-risk, we have identified five areas of impact that can contribute to student engagement. These 5 Cs are learner Control, a flexible and rigorous Curriculum, a safe Climate, a Caring Community, and Connection to students as individuals and their future goals. The 5 Cs are discussed along with their application to online learning environments. Examples of current online programs employing these strategies are given.
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