Passive building design - Student example 2 (Louise Malan)

International Journal of Climatology, 2012

Temporal and spatial characteristics of temperature were studied in and around the city of Turku (175,000 inh.). The main aim was to unravel the spatial diurnal and seasonal temperature differences during the observation period of 2002-2007 and the behaviour of observed temperature differences in relation to land use, topography and the vicinity of water bodies. The material consisted of a temperature data set from a network of 36 Hobo H8 temperature loggers that monitor T at 30 min interval. A buffer analysis of landscape parameters surrounding the loggers was employed for spatial analysis, and their relative importance was assessed with a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Spatial temperature difference in the area for warmest and coldest average temperatures was 1.9°C. The differences were largest among the daily minimum temperatures (3.6°C). The respective difference in daily maximum temperatures was 1.0°C, and in the diurnal temperature ranges 3.4°C. The spatial differences in temperatures were largest at the end of summer and smallest during the cold season. On average, the market square in the city centre was the warmest place. In autumn, a relatively warm zone was formed along the coast due to the remnant heat released by the sea. In spring, daytime maximum temperatures were typically highest in rural inland areas resulting in an urban cold island. The results of the linear regression model indicate that it is the daily minimum temperatures that can best be explained by the combination of land use, topography and water bodies. The explanatory force of the model was weakest in case of maximum temperatures. Land use was the most significant factor causing spatial differences in minimum and average temperatures as well as diurnal temperature range in the study area. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON URBAN TEMPERATURE OF TURKU, FINLAND 453 Figure 1. (a) The study area of Turku on the SW coast of Finland. (b) The coastal zone consists of numerous islands. (c) Principal land use forms and the road network are depicted, as well as the approximate border of the grid plan area of the city.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019

This study aims to analyse data and humidity outside. Data retrieval is taken from the HOBO MX2300 tool data recorder for external temperature and humidity. Then the data processing was analysed and analysed using a Microsoft Excel program in the form of graphs / fluctuating images that showed the average value, standard deviation, maximum value, and minimum value. Only from 6:00 to 8:30. On the 15th to the 17th of June the thermal comfort zone only occurs in the morning under 09.00. The highest maximum air temperature occurs on June 15 at 13.01-13.30. The lowest minimum value is on June 15 at 06.00-06.30. The results of the analysis then show the level of suitability of the data with the thermal comfort zone based on SNI (SNI) every day.

Journal of Climate Change and Sustainability

Urban Heat Island being the most investigated aspect of urban climate is not prominently investigated in tropical African urban areas. This paper seeks to address the influence of urbanization on outdoor temperature characteristics in the city of Nairobi. Monthly minimum and maximum temperature data from four ground-based weather stations namely, Dagoretti Corner (DC), Wilson Airport (WA), Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) and Moi Air Base (MAB) stations over a 47-year period from 1961 to 2007 were used. The data were subjected to time series analysis. Station to station correlation analysis was performed as an indicator of the linear association of station records and also to understand spatial variability. Spatial analysis of temperature across the city pointed out that the most representative station in studying the urban canopy characteristics of the city of Nairobi is MAB. The minimum temperature across the city shows a significant positive trend. This may be attributed to urbanization effect. Among all the four stations, only DC exhibited a significant positive trend of maximum temperature. Trend analysis revealed that there was significant minimum temperature increase of 0.43 0 C with a significant maximum temperature increase of 0.11 0 C per decade during the 47-year period. This is a strong evidence of temperature modification due to urbanization. Comparative analysis of temperatures across the city of Nairobi depict heterogeneity among the four weather stations, with MAB being the hottest while DC is the coldest. Therefore, the microclimate of Nairobi is not homogeneous and implications of urbanization on planning of climate sensitive structures and services should be area specific. Further analysis to establish Urban Heat Island (UHI) characteristics of the city in future is recommended especially with availability of more weather stations around the city of Nairobi and adjacent rural areas.

2006

JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska, 2021

Seasonal variability is the complex non-linear response of the physical climate system. There are two types of natural variability: those external and internal to the climate system. In any given season, natural variability may cause the climate to be different than its long-term average. This study examines with the seasonal variation of the maximum temperatures during the summer season. In addition, the maximum temperatures in May become close to the characteristics of the summer season. The monthly data for maximum temperature of May, June and July were used from Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS) for 47 years from 1970 to 2017 for Baghdad city. This period was long enough to estimate the range of approaching maximum temperature (Tmax) May to summer. Results revealed a significant Tmax for Baghdad during the second period (1992–2017) and ‎shown similar behavior of Tmax in May to June and July; on the contrary that first period (1970–1991). In second period, t...

Temperature changes according to land use patterns become a common phenomenon in many cities around the globe. Various techniques and methods used to show the trend of temperature changes according to land use pattern in the city. One method is using temperature traverse. Based on this method of temperature measurements the north-south and east-west traverses were monitored and conducted in the city of Jakarta for the period from October 2012 to March 2013. Both the temperature traverses were carried out between 11:00 and 13:00 hrs. In general, the study found that the average monthly temperature is 34.9°C for the north south traverse with the CV of 4.4 and east-west traverse is 34.4°C with the CV of 5.6. Additionally, there was also the average temperature on weekdays (HK) for the north south and east west of 35.3°C with the CV of 3.0 and 34.8°C with the CV of 2.6 respectively. Thus, the average temperature at the time of the holidays (HC) for the north south and east west were 34.4°C and 33.7°C, respectively with the CV of 2.2 and 1.1. Furthermore highest monthly temperature trends are occurring in October of 36.2°C for the north south and 37.7°C for the east-west traverses. Conversely, the lowest in November with an average value of 33.4°C for the north-south traverse, meanwhile the lowest temperature trends for the east-west traverse in the months of November and February with an average value of monthly temperature is 32.5°C. Based on observations obtained through the temperature traverse the average value of the urban heat island intensity for the north-south traverse is 2.0 °C while for the east-west traverse is 0.7°C. The observed temperature values are very high, particularly in the HK, thus producing an impact of discomfort feeling among the city of Jakarta dwellers.

2010

This paper examines the long-term urban modification of mean annual conditions of near surface temperature in Nairobi City. Data from four weather stations situated in Nairobi were collected from the Kenya Meteorological Department for the period from 1966 to 1999 inclusive. The data included mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures, and was first subjected to homogeneity test before analysis. Both linear regression and Mann-Kendall rank test were used to discern the mean annual trends. Results show that the change of temperature over the thirty-four years study period is higher for minimum temperature than maximum temperature. The warming trends began earlier and are more significant at the urban stations than is the case at the sub-urban stations, an indication of the spread of urbanisation from the built-up Central Business District (CBD) to the suburbs. The established significant warming trends in minimum temperature, which are likely to reach higher proportions in future, pose serious challenges on climate and urban planning of the city. In particular the effect of increased minimum temperature on human physiological comfort, building and urban design, wind circulation and air pollution needs to be incorporated in future urban planning programmes of the city.

Journal of the Bulgarian Geographical Society

Urban climatologist particularly those interested in Urban Heat Island (UHI), require some form of explanations to UHI variations at both spatial and temporal scales in cities. Temperature cooling and warming rate can be use as a form of explanations for spatial and temporal variations for UHI intensity characteristics of an area. This study therefore, assessed variations in temperature warming and cooling rates in Jalingo. The study used temperature data collected at six locations representing six different thermal climate zones in the study area. Temperature data were collected for the period of 90 days thirty days in each of rainy season, dry season, and hamattan period. Simple statistical analysis was performed to determine the warming and cooling rates. The results indicate that temperature warm and cool differently in the study area. The results also revealed that general warming in the area within the study period begins at 8:00 h local time (GMT +1) with warming rate ranging...

The Earth climate is subject to global changes but not every country is affected the same way by temperature rises and the world great cities reveal even greater temperature anomalies due to intense and environmentally unplanned urbanisation. In Tokyo, the urban heat island (UHI) effect induce buildings to greater equipment dependance to regulate their indoor comfort, leading to large amount of anthropogenic heat released and trapped into the urban fabric, disrupting the natural cooling thermostat. In order to deal with the climatic and energetic issues, and to reach our sustainable commitments for 2050, it is of interest to understand the UHI phenomenon on a yearly and daily scale and its relation to the urban form, density and population, before introducing later on passive strategies for medium-rise office buildings, typology that is mostly responsible for microclimatic anomalies in Tokyo.

Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 2016

To learn more about the local characteristics related to temperature variation in the urban area of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of the average air temperature in the parts of the day. Data were collected from 44 monitoring points arrayed along four transects of the city by means of Hobo ® weather data loggers housed in mini-shields. The meteorological data were gathered in four campaigns in 2011, corresponding to the four seasons of the year, and stratified by parts of the day (predawn, morning, afternoon and night). In the four transects temperature differences were found between the monitoring points in the periods analyzed. The central and/or densely constructed areas of the city presented the highest temperatures during the night and predawn, while in those with large vehicle circulation, the highest temperature were recorded in the morning and afternoon. The monitoring points with greatest presence of vegetation presented the lowest temperature in all the periods analyzed, thus indicating the microclimatic balance promoted by vegetation. Keywords: microclimate, spatial and temporal temperature variation, urban climate, urban heat island, urban land-cover. Variação térmica periódica diária da cidade de Curitiba, Paraná RESUMO. Para conhecer quais as características locais relacionadas à variação térmica da área intraurbana de Curitiba-Paraná-Brasil, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variação temporal e espacial da temperatura média do ar nas partes do dia. Para a coleta dos dados meteorológicos foram estabelecidos 44 pontos de monitoramento em quatro transectos na malha urbana por meio de mini-abrigos meteorológicos com registradores modelo Hobo ®. Os dados meteorológicos foram coletados em quatro campanhas em períodos correspondentes às quatro estações do ano em 2011, estratificados nas partes do dia (madrugada, manhã, tarde e noite). Nos quatro transectos foram encontradas diferenças térmicas entre os pontos de monitoramento nos períodos analisados. As áreas centrais e/ou com alta densidade de construção apresentaram as maiores temperaturas durante a noite e a madrugada, enquanto naquelas com grande circulação de veículos, as maiores temperaturas foram observadas durante a manhã e a tarde. Os pontos de monitoramento com maior presença de vegetação apresentaram as menores temperaturas em todos os períodos analisados, demonstrando o equilíbrio microclimático proporcionado pela vegetação. Palavras-chave: microclima, variação espacial e temporal de temperatura, clima urbano, ilha de calor urbano, uso do solo urbano. 202 Leal et al.

Confluence Journal of Environmental Studies (CJES), 2024

Temperature variations affect the oceans, weather patterns, plants and animals because of the chain reaction of changes they create around the world. This study assessed the impact of temperature variations on the livelihood of the people in the Kano metropolis. Temperature data of the Kano metropolis from 1982-2022 were sourced from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration datasets and Information on the impacts of increased temperature on the livelihood of the people in the study area was sourced through the administration of questionnaires. The interannual temperature trend was analysed using simple linear regression. Questionnaire Responses were coded and analysed using ratios and percentages. Results revealed pronounced seasonal variations in temperature in Kano Metropolis, with peak values between March and June, reaching up to 30.74°C in May. The lowest temperatures are observed in January and December, averaging around 20.47°C and 20.82°C, respectively. Also, between 1982 and 2022, the temperature over the Kano metropolis has been rising by approximately 0.0299°C per year, amounting to a total increase of about 1.196°C over the 40-year period. The questionnaire analysis revealed that the residents are negatively affected by temperature variations in different aspects of their livelihood namely; health, environment, water quantity and quality, power consumption and economic activities. Results from this study indicated that the effects of temperature variations have reduced the quality of life and standard of living in the study area. The study recommended afforestation and reforestation programmes, adoption of green and cool roofing technologies, improved and enhanced power supply, public health sensitisation, proper spacing between houses, and accommodation of green areas and open spaces into the city's physical plan due to their cooling potentials as some of the ways of adapting and mitigating the impacts of temperature variations on the livelihood of the people.

For the evaluation of monthly temperature extremity of the 1961–2007 period three stations in south Moravia (Brod nad Dyjí, Lednice and Velké Pavlovice) were chosen. The elevation of the stations is about 200 m a.s.l. and their relative distance is 11–17 km. The mean monthly air temperature based on daily means was compared with the mean monthly air temperature of the normal-period (1961–1990) concrete month. According to the standard deviation of the normal-period included in this difference, the extremity categories were defined. Every month was included to the defined category of extremity (extraordinary above normal, far above normal, above normal, normal, below normal, far below normal and extraordinary below normal). As extraordinary above normal 79 months, as far above normal 115 moths, as above normal 175 were classified. As extraordinary below normal 32 months, as far below normal 86 and as below normal 129 were classified. Periods of 1961–1970 and 1971–1980 contain more cold months than the last two periods (with the prevailing warm month). This trend of warming during last 17 years is perceptible at all stations. From this study, the spatial temperature diversity is obvious even in a small area considered.

Koedoe, 2002

Data from the climate station at Skukuza, which has been open from 1912 to the present, are analysed. This exercise was done to provide the South African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI-2000) experimental program with long-term climate statistics and trends. Climate parameters analysed are rainfall, temperature, humidity and sunshine. In the case of rainfall and temperature, the data was first tested for homogeneity and in only three out of 36 monthly cases, the data proved not to be homogeneous. No monthly rainfall trends proved to be significant (at the 5 % level), with five months indicating slightly negative trends and seven slightly positive. Only the monthly maximum temperature series for June proved to be non-homogeneous. The June maximum temperature trend and the February, March, May, July and December minimum temperature trends were significantly positive. The annual time series for minimum temperature were also significantly positive. The monthly results were reiterated by the seasonal results, with the winter maximum temperature trend and the autumn and summer minimum temperature trends significantly positive. Ten months showed negative temperature diurnal range trends with only March being significant. All long-term statistics of rainfall, temperature, humidity and sunshine were found to be typical of a savanna type climate in the southern hemisphere, although average monthly sunshine hours were somewhat less than the norm, due to frequent influx of moist air from the Mozambique Channel.

Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering), 2017

This paper analyses and standardize the urban heat island (UHI) and urban dry island (UDI) effects in Matsuyama plane, focusing on the Local climate Zones (LCZs). LCZs classifies the landscape into homogeneous types based on structural type, land surface cover, materials used and human activities. This standard classification has made urban studies more meaningful and easy to compare the results with various cities globally. The LCZ map for Matsuyama was created using Landsat images, Google Earth and SAGA-GIS software. Four out of twenty-five in-situ meteorological stations network available in Matsuyama plane for different atmospheric studies were selected to represent the unique LCZ area each.UHI favourable days (August 1-6) were selected using Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) data. The results show LCZ with the compact mid rise building were on average 0.6°C cooler at day time and 2°C warmer at night time than LCZ with low plants. The result also shows that LCZ with the compact mid rise building were on average 2.5% dryer at daytime and 1.25% dryer at night time than LCZ with low plants.