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2024, International Congress on Medieval Studies
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21 pages
1 file
When considering the works of Medieval mystics, the Beguines stand out as a lay order that thrived undermarginalization by the Catholic church. Their practice, centered in northern France and the Low Countries,encapsulates the collective conscience of the Free Spirit movement and the theological inquiries of Hildegard von Bingen, Mechthild von Madgeburg, and Meister Eckhart. The condemned heretic Marguerite Porete, a woman who proposed the possibility of a direct line to God two hundred years before the Protestant reform, and her work, "Le Mirouer des simples âmes anienties et qui seulement demeurent en vouloir et désir d'amour" consider the spiritual endeavors of the Middle Ages as well as ecclesiastical norms made to be broken. This study aims to determine the linguistic and cultural importance of Marguerite Porete’s "Mirouer des simples âmes" which condemned its authoress to burn at the stake for her heretical presuppositions. Did Marguerite Porete's linguistic tendencies affect the content of her treatise? Are her syntax and word choice exemplary of the period, or subtly subversive within the context of 13th century religious texts? An analysis of terminology as well as linguistic markers will constitute the bulk of this study, with the hypothesis that an experimental linguistic style will reflect an experimental philosophical or theoretical content. The methodology used is a case study analysis of intratextual excerpts of the manuscript to determine their linguistic and (when appropriate) literary value as “ordinary” examples of Middle French versus a more pronounced “experimental” use of grammar and vocabulary, including the presence or absence of grammatical gender, word order, and dialectical or Latinate phraseology. With the understanding no standardization of French existed at the time, a self-standardization in the form of linguistic tendencies of the author/translator is used to determine the linguistic validity of the excerpts.
John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks, 1990
The 16th century is a time of feverish work on the vernacular languages of Western Europe. In that century or in the last few years of the 15th century, the first substantial grammars and the first dictionaries of most European languages appear. 1 The focus of much of our scholarly attention-my own included-had been on the changes in the Greco-Roman grammatical tradition occasioned by these first efforts at describing the vernaculars, or on the shift from medieval grammatical practices. 2 Recently, I have become increasingly aware that our focus was not necessarily the focus of the grammarians of the period. For many of them, the central concern of linguistic discussion was the changeability of language, the deviance of Latin from its classical form-brought to their attention by first by such scholars as Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) and codified in the educational program by Juan Luis Vives (1492-1540) and Erasmus of Rotterdam (1467-1536), and the deviance of the vernaculars from their languages of origin. The linguists of the day focus on several types of variation-historical, geographic and sociolinguistic-depending on their own religious and political agenda. In France the plaints over linguistic variation far antedate Geoffroy Tory's (1480-1533) famous appeal of 1529 (see below). Already in the 14th century the anonymous author of the Metz Psalter laments the inconstancy of the Romance idiom: * The author wishes to thank Herbert J. Izzo, University of Calgary, for his valuable comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
Transactions of the Philological Society, 2016
In this article we demonstrate how fine-grained analysis of salient features of linguistic change over a relatively short, but significant period can help refine our notions of periodization. As our case study, we consider whether it is appropriate to distinguish a period called français préclassique ('Pre-Classical French'), and if so, what its temporal limits are. As our contemporary informants we take, on the one hand, the comments of writers of remarks on the French language, who were highly conscious of language change, and on the other, usage in successive French translations of the same Latin source text which can be exploited to track and date the adoption of 'modern' linguistic variants. We find atypical patterns of change-and notably changes which move rapidly through Labov's different stages-that contribute to the sense of discontinuity or periodization. However, this sense of 'rupture' does not coincide with the chronological boundaries hitherto suggested for français préclassique, thus throwing the validity of this period into question. 8 To cite Hickey (2012: 391): "Salient features are those that speakers recognize as typical of a variety or language and to which they may react positively or negatively. […] Negative and positive salience are frequently associated with stigma and prestige respectively". Trudgill (1986: 11) notes that salience attaches to markers and indeed turns variables into markers in the first place. Language change and stigmatization are among the factors listed which carry sufficient salience for becoming a target for accommodation. We have deliberately chosen to consider variables which contemporary observers noted as those most affected by change, since this seemed one way of avoiding an arbitrary selection of linguistic features. 9 Nicolaisen (1997: 166) argues that it is important to consider the continuities as well as the discontinuities when identifying periods, but the focus here is on linguistic change. 10 There is a relative paucity of documentation for non-literary usage for this period, and of the type of ego-documents used particularly for the history of Germanic languages. Currently available for metropolitan French are the journal of Jean Héroard (Ernst 1985) and the Textes français privés des XVII e et XVIII e siècles (Ernst & Wolf 2005), all of which have associated problems (see Ayres-Bennett 2014). In response to this issue, the Réseau Corpus Français Préclassique et Classique (Antonella Amatuzzi, Wendy Ayres-Bennett, Annette Gerstenberg, Lene Schøsler, Carine Skupien-Dekens) was created in 2014, and a number of genre-specific corpora are currently being created, including journalism (Mairi McLaughlin), sermons (Carine Skupien Dekens), and diplomatic correspondence (Annette Gerstenberg, Antonella Amatuzzi). Work on Canadian French is more advanced through the efforts of France Martineau and others. The interpretation of apparently non-standard usages is often challenging because of uncertainty as to how to interpret the variation. For instance, when we are faced with the usage of the young Dauphin, the future Louis XIII, in Héroard's journal should we ascribe non-standard variants to his social status, his age, the spoken nature of the data, etc. (see Ayres-Bennett 2014). 11 Here, of course, we are also dealing with another common model for periodization, by century. See also Gougenheim (1974) and the discussion of modern French below. 12 The earliest French grammars are those by Palsgrave (1530), a grammar intended for the English, Dubois (1531), a grammar written in Latin and heavily influenced by Latin grammatical models, and Meigret (1550), the first grammar written in French and published in France. 13 See Robert Martin's presentation of the 2012 on-line version of the Dictionnaire du Moyen Français at http://www.atilf.fr/dmf/PresentationDMF2012.pdf p. 7. 14 "L'argument pratique emporte d'autant plus la conviction que la fin du XVe siècle marque un incontestable clivage. Ce n'est qu'au XVIe siècle que, par le contact direct avec le grec ancien, les hellénismes vont se répandre ; que l'italien, et, dans une moindre mesure, l'espagnol vont exercer leur influence; que s'instaure une véritable réflexion grammaticale sur la langue vulgaire (avec des grammairiens comme Meigret, Palsgrave, Peletier du Mans ou encore Henri Estienne". Throughout the English translations are by WA-B. 15 "Beaucoup d'auteurs distinguent un moyen français du XIVe et XVe siècle et un moyen français du XVIe siècle. Cette division […] est justifiée du point de vue de l'histoire et des rapports de la langue avec la société et les idées-en particulier avec l'humanisme renaissant." 16 "Les exemples […] couvrent tout le siècle, tout en étant surtout centrés sur la période 1660-1690, qui est la période d'épanouissement de ce qu'on peut appeler la synchronie classique."
Marta Andronache, CNRS/Nancy Université La structure lexicale des gloses de Raoul de Presles dans la première traduction en français de La Cité de Dieu de saint Augustin La première traduction de La cité de Dieu de saint Augustin, effectuée par Raoul de Presles entre 1371 et 1375, s'inscrit dans un mouvement de traductions glosées de la seconde moitié du 14e siècle (cf. Bozzolo/Ornato 1996 et Duval 2007. Mais les techniques des gloses employées à cette époque ne sont pas les mêmes. Ainsi, la traduction de Raoul de Presles est orientée vers le sens et non pas vers le mot. Son but est de rendre plus claire le discours traduit et, en même temps, répondre à l'objectif politique et utilitaire fixé par son commanditaire, Charles V (1364-1380). Dans cet effort de clarté et de lisibilité, le traducteur reprend la traduction dans des gloses. Elles constituent les « expositions » qui accompagnent la traduction de chaque chapitre. Dans ses « expositions », il vise à expliquer les références littéraires, historiques et les nouveaux concepts, surtout théologiques et politiques. Nous nous proposons une réflexion concernant le lexique de Raoul de Presles dans le but de démontrer que la reprise paraphrastique de la traduction dans les « expositions » représente à la fois un état et une évolution de la langue française à la fin du 14e siècle. Nous avons pu distinguer chez Raoul de Presles deux types de lexiques que nous avons analysé sur trois niveaux : premièrement le lexique par allusion au monde grec, au monde romain et au Moyen Âge et, deuxièmement, le lexique par catégories des toponymes/anthroponymes, termes techniques et des références historiques et littéraires. Notre analyse s'articule autour des marqueurs paraphrastiques qui introduisent ces types de gloses pour arriver à la conclusion que nous sommes en présence d'un discours bien structuré, d'une rhétorique travaillée, ce qui nous amène à dégager le sens d'une véritable architecture textuelle des « expositions » qui accompagnent la traduction de la Cité de Dieu. La présente étude est donc résolument linguistique et s'intéresse particulièrement à la construction du discours dans les gloses du traducteur. Pour exemplifier notre propos, nous apportons des exemples tirés de la traduction de Raoul de Presles pour chacune de ces catégories lexicales. Dans un 1er temps, on pourra constater que les allusions au monde grec et romain sont omniprésentes, mais qu'elles ne sont pas introduites et traitées de la même manière. Quant aux références au Moyen Âge, elles confèrent une originalité surprenante à la traduction de Raoul de Presles qui se détache ainsi de la dominante théologique de l'ouvrage traduit en faisant appel à des anecdotes de son temps. Dans un 2ème temps, nous proposons une réflexion sur les changements sémantiques des mots dont le sens glisse du domaine théologique vers le domaine juridique et le vocabulaire commun. Nous illustrerons ce mécanisme par le cas du substantif parjure. La première traduction en français de la Cité de Dieu devient ainsi un lieu de vivacité et de spontanéité lexicale qui n'est plus totalement asservie à la langue source, le latin, ce qui enrichie la traduction au niveau du contenu, du discours et du lexique. Les gloses de Raoul de Presles marquent une évolution de la « langue de traduction » vers une langue savante plus spontanée employée dans les reprises paraphrastiques des « expositions » qui fait que la traduction de Raoul de Presles s'émancipe du cadre religieux vers un discours politique pour rejoindre une perspective historique et littéraire.
Anuario de estudios medievales, 2014
"This article claims a critical return to the study of the main manuscripts of the “heretical” book written by Marguerite dicta Porete (Le Mirouer des simples ames) for analizing codicological aspects which neither the editions, nor the modern translations, have taken into account. In doing so we propose a series of analysis of the so-called Chantilly manuscript (Musée Condé, ms. F xiv 26, cat. 157) and the manuscripts of the Latin tradition kept in the Vatican Library (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Lat. 4355; Cod. Rossianus 4; Cod. Chigianus B IV 41; Cod. Chigianus C IV 85 and Vat. Lat. 4953) based on the marginal marks (manicules, nota bene and iconography) which identify those books more as reading devices than as mere material supports of a text. We will show how these elements provide us with information about the text transmission and its reception (its reading)."
Asian Themes in Social Sciences Research, 2019
Language style is a way of expressing thought in language so that the character and capacity of an author are implied in using language. So the purpose of this study is to analyze what style of language was used in the traditional book entitled "Les Plus Belles Histoires et Les Légendes de France" edition of Morena and to find out the type of language style which is most widely used by the authors in the book. The types of language styles that will be analyzed are the type of Repetition, Hyperbole, Metaphor, Personification, and Comparison. This study used the descriptive qualitative method which means that the conclusion of this study will be written in sentences form. The source of this study is a legendary book entitled "Les Plus Belles Histoires et Les Légendes de France." Based on the results of the research that has been done, all types of language styles analyzed were found in that book, namely: Repetition 7, hyperbole 15, metaphor 17, personification 11 and comparison 34. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the type of language style which is most widely used by the author is the Comparison type.
Historiographia Linguistica, 2006
Speculum, 2001
The Year's Work in Modern Language Studies, 2016
Language & History , 2017
In this paper, I apply Gérard Genette’s (1987) concept of paratexts to an analysis of prefaces from different dictionary-grammars of Niger- Congo languages, written by French Catholic missionaries between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. My analysis focuses on the preface to the Dictionnaire français-wolof et wolof-français (Dakar: 1855), compiled by missionaries from the Congrégation du St.-Ésprit et du St.-Coeur de Marie, variously known in English as the Holy Ghost Fathers or Spiritans. I also provide diverse examples from contemporary and near-contemporary dictionary-grammars of other Niger-Congo languages, also compiled by French Spiritans. I investigate the extent to which these prefaces rely on or inflect the conventions, devices and rhetorical strategies of the original authorial preface, as identified by Genette.
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