The Role of GNSS-RTN in Transportation Applications
Sajid Raza2022, Encyclopedia
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Abstract
The Global Navigation Satellite System—Real-Time Network (GNSS-RTN) is a satellite-based positioning system using a network of ground receivers (also called continuously operating reference stations (CORSs)) and a central processing center that provides highly accurate location services to the users in real-time over a broader geographic region. Such systems can provide geospatial location data with centimeter-level accuracy anywhere within the network. Geospatial location services are not only used in measuring ground distances and mapping topography; they have also become vital in many other fields such as aerospace, aviation, natural disaster management, and agriculture, to name but a few. The innovative and multi-disciplinary applications of geospatial data drive technological advancement towards precise and accurate location services available in real-time. Although GNSS-RTN technology is currently utilized in a few industries such as precision farming, the construction industry, and land surveying, the implications of precise real-time location services would be far-reaching and more critical to many advanced transportation applications. The GNSS-RTN technology is promising in meeting the needs of automation in most advanced transportation applications. This article presents an overview of the GNSS-RTN technology, its current applications in transportation-related fields, and a perspective on the future use of this technology in advanced transportation applications.
Related papers
GNSS-RTN Role in Transportation Applications: An Outlook
International Conference on Transportation and Development 2022, 2022
Geospatial location service is not only used in measuring ground distances and mapping topography, but has also become vital in many other fields such as aerospace, aviation, natural disaster management, and agriculture, to name but a few. The innovative and multidisciplinary applications of geospatial data drive technological advancement toward precise and accurate location services available in real-time. Although the RTN technology is currently utilized in a few industries such as precision farming, construction industry, and land survey, the implications of precise real-time location services would be far-reaching and critical to many advanced transportation applications. The GNSS real-time network (RTN) technology, introduced in the mid-1990s, is promising in meeting the needs of automation in most of the advanced transportation applications. This article presents an overview of the GNSS-RTN technology, its current applications in transportation-related fields, and a perspective on the future use of this technology in advanced transportation applications.
Development of Satellite Based Positioning and Navigation Facilities for Precise ITS Applications
2008 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Recent advance in network reference based real-time kinematic GPS (NRTK GPS) positioning makes it possible to track moving objects up to centimeter accuracy. This capacity will undoubtedly help implement many new applications for future ITS services, for instance, precise navigation, autonomous driving, lane based traffic or fleet management, lane based road use charging, and law enforcement. To support these activities, a testbed network of GPS reference stations has been established jointly by the authors institute and Leica Geosystems (UK) in the past three years. This testbed NRTK facility covers an area of about 20,000 km 2 in the central region of the United Kingdom. Real-time raw GPS measurements are streamed to a data server situated in the University of Nottingham via broadband connections. Real-time corrections that are used to compensate spatially correlated errors and biases between the reference station network and user terminals are generated by the data server and sent to those authorized user terminal receivers wirelessly for delivering real-time position solutions of centimeter accuracy. Trials have been carried out recently on a variety of different classes of UK roads to test the delay and completeness of the NRTK corrections, wireless connection and coverage, positioning accuracy, etc, aiming at the evaluation of the feasibility of NRTK GPS positioning for rapid roadway geometry data acquisition and the exploitation of this latest technology for ITS related applications and services. This paper presents the recent work and findings of the authors and the preliminary conclusions are drawn from field trials. It also addresses the issues that hamper the development of NRTK GPS positioning, especially its wider adoption for ITS community.
I. Use and Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
2013
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a significant role in high precision navigation, positioning, timing, and scientific questions related to precise positioning. Ofcourse in the widest sense, this is a highly precise, continuous, all-weather and a real-time technique. This Research Article is devoted to presenting recent results and developments in GNSS theory, system, signal, receiver, method and errors sources such as multipath effects and atmospheric delays. To make it more elaborative, this varied GNSS applications are demonstrated and evaluated in hybrid positioning, multisensor integration, height system, Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK), wheeled robots, status and engineering surveying. This research paper provides a good reference for GNSS designers, engineers, and scientists as well as the user market.
On the inclusion of geographic information systems (GIS) in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS
International Journal of Communication Systems, 2007
The latest innovation of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) technologies plays an important role in improving the quality and safety of modern life. Most of the applications evolved from the integration between GNSS, geographical information systems (GIS) and wireless communications and networking (WCN) systems. The wide spread applications that are using these technologies include: the automatic vehicle location (AVL), tracking systems, navigation systems, pedestrian navigation systems, intelligent transportation systems, precise positioning, and emergency callers, among others. The location-based services (LBS) are possible only by the combination of GNSS, GIS and WCN. The growing need for commercial LBS has forced cellular-phone and network manufacturers to concentrate on positioning solutions, which are even more precise than the regulatory mandates for positioning of emergency callers and other user services and applications. In this paper, we will present a literature review of the GNSS, the three satellite systems GPS, GLONASS and Galileo, which are aimed to support GNSS services, and a comparison between them and their role in creating a GIS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GNSS NETWORK REAL TIME POSITIONING: TESTING PROCEDURE TO EVALUATE THE ACCURACY OF A GEODETIC MOVING ANTENNA
Academia, Industry and Government are investigating the reliability to use the real time kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) techniques for centimetre level positioning of many existing and emerging applications. These include for instance mobile mapping and airborne laser scanning systems. The classical RTK methodology allows for an operational distance between the reference station and the user, within a range of 10-15 kilometres, due to the effect of correlation of some GNSS errors which tend to increase with distance. The adoption of a network-based RTK (NRTK) allow to extend centimetric level positioning within continuously operating reference station network (CORS) with separation distance up to 70 kilometres. One of the research aim was to evaluate the positional accuracy of the GNSS NRTK for mobile mapping applications. In order to understand the potentiality and the limitations of this methodology a testing procedure was designed using the BO-POS Network, established in 2003 in an area within Emila-Romagna, Marche e Toscana. From an operational point of view, a double antenna system was mounted on board of a vehicle also equipped with three dual frequency receivers capable of NRTK positioning. In order to investigate the GNSS NRTK positional accuracy for mobile mapping system applications a least square-based algorithm was developed to determine a reference trajectory. This paper describes the Bologna CORS network, the testing procedure adopted and details the algorithm based on a constrained least square adjustment of the phase centres' coordinates of the 2 antennae. The positional accuracy of the NRTK path will be finally assessed by comparing the results of the NRTK trajectory with post processed adjusted one. Mean -0.24 m Min -0.98 m Max 0.37 m St.d. 0.16 m
The Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) in 2010 and Beyond
2010
The Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) is the competent authority in maintaining the National Spatial Reference System. This is carried out through the setting up of a surveying infrastructure that includes horizontal and vertical survey controls throughout the country for the eventual purpose of national development, security and defence. In line with the government's efforts to enhance its public delivery system, one of the many initiatives undertaken by JUPEM is through the use of real-time GNSS survey technology for the dissemination of various geodetic products and services. Since 1997, JUPEM has been developing the capability for real-time data streaming from a network of continuously operating reference stations. Currently there are 78 stations, with spacing of between 30 to 120 km, providing real-time corrections with a latency of under one second using Virtual Reference Station (VRS) technique. Each station of the network is equipped with a high precision dual frequency GPS receiver that is operational 24 hours daily. The acquired GPS data is transferred on a daily basis to the Central Processing Centre at JUPEM's Headquarters in Kuala Lumpur via the internet. This network is known as the Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network or MyRTKnet. In addition to enhancing and maintaining the nation's geodetic reference system, applications of MyRTKnet include a critical role in supporting e-Cadastre initiative via Coordinated Cadastral System (CCS) as well as collecting of mapping features through Computer Assisted Topographic Mapping System (CATMAPS); location-based activities; fleet tracking and management; and the ability to characterize the free electron content of the ionosphere. This paper introduces a new GPS positioning by way of RTK-GPS (VRS) using MyRTKnet services as provided by JUPEM. It also outlines the chronicle development of the new network. Finally it discusses on the various potential applications of MyRTKnet.
Establishment of a Local GNSS Correction Service for the Localization of Autonomous Vehicles
2022
Accurate localization of autonomous vehicles is a key component of the onboard control and guidance system. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are widely used in the transportation industry for positioning and navigation, but the generally used single point positioning (SPP) technique cannot meet the accuracy requirements of the autonomous vehicles. This paper briefly introduces other GNSS positioning techniques with the accuracies ranging from several meters to centimeters. The techniques are compared in terms of accuracy, latency and reliability. Highly accurate positioning techniques usually rely on a groundbased augmentation system (GBAS) that provides correction services for the users. We introduce the procedure and the first results of establishing a local GNSS correction service at the ZalaZONE Automotive Proving Ground. The results show that cm level positioning accuracy can be achieved with such a service in real-time that enables the users to track the trajectory of the vehicles with high accuracy.
Review of an Accurate System Utilizing GPS Technology
Journal La Multiapp, 2023
The Global Positioning System (GPS) has the ability to provide precise position and control data no matter where on the planet it is used or what kind of weather is present. In the 1980s, the United States Department of Defense made the Global Positioning System (GPS), which had initially been developed for use by the military, available for use by civilians as well. The scientific applications of GPS in the domains of the military, community, and commercial sectors are perpetually growing at an accelerating rate. The use of global positioning system (GPS) technology is beneficial in a wide variety of fields, such as agriculture, construction, mining, measurement, product transportation, and the management of organizational supply networks. The precise synchronization of GPS time is necessary for the operation of large-scale networks, positioning systems, financial systems, and financial marketplaces, as well as infrastructures for the generation and distribution of electricity. Without them, it is difficult to conceive of what life would be like with cellular reception. This is because it is impossible to imagine. In this article, we will take a look at the many different applications that make use of GPS technology, and we will also discuss the most essential aspects of the technology itself.
Simulation Analysis for Performance Improvements of GNSS-based Positioning in a Road Environment
2014
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the USA, the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) in Russia, and the Galileo in the EU, determine a target position using a satellite signal. They are widely used around the globe at this time. However, there is a critical obstacle when attempting to run a navigation system in a land vehicle. In contrast to aircraft or vessels, which operate in open areas without any obstacles, land vehicles must deal with signal occlusion caused by surrounding buildings, skyscrapers and other objects, especially in urban areas. In order to solve this problem, many researchers have studied many different methods, such as GPS/GLONASS-integrated positioning; pseudolite, which produces a signal similar to that of GPS; and GPS/Vision integrated positioning. These studies have mainly focused on integrated positioning methods. In contrast, this paper focuses on the relationship between the position of a new...
Evaluation of GPS-based methods of relative positioning for automotive safety applications
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 2012
According to United States Department of Transport (USDOT) statistics, roadway accidents are the leading cause of death for the age group 4-34 years with over 30,000 deaths a year. These roadway accidents also have a direct economic cost of over $ 200 billion. Day-today roadway traffic congestion is estimated to drain around 4.2 billion lost hours per year and the associated financial loss is estimated to be over $87 billion. The use of wireless technology to enable communications between all road user entities (generally termed V2X or Vehicle-to-Entity) so that they are aware of each other is seen as a promising approach to lessen the negative implications of road accidents and traffic congestion. USDOT Intelli-Drive program is the official initiative to do exactly that. The capability to estimate the position of a given entity with respect to another is a critical requirement in all V2X applications. Therefore, positioning and wireless communication capabilities can be considered the two critical building blocks of all V2X applications. Once all the technical challenges are addressed, V2X can be a paradigm changer and people will be able to rely on V2X technology to assist them in day-today driving to improve their safety, efficiency, and security. Eventually, the V2X-based awareness may be supplanted by various levels of vehicle control, ranging from crash avoidance to fully automated driving. For V2X application deployment to be feasible, all technologies that are a part of V2X have to be accurate, reliable and available in all drivable environments. GNSS being a key V2X enabler, this implies strict accuracy, reliability and availability requirements for GNSS-based positioning. Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP), a consortium of automakers has been working on V2X technologies for a number of years as a collaborative effort with the USDOT support. Among the most recent research and development work done by this consortium is the Vehicle Safety Communications-Applications (VSC-A) project. As a part of this work, an interoperable Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications enabled fleet was built. More importantly, GNSS service availability and accuracy as applicable to V2X applications was investigated. The Position, Location, and Navigation (PLAN) Group of the University of Calgary conducted related extensive field trials in late 2009. This paper provides a summary of the goals and findings of this study and, more importantly, provides some insights on the positioning technology challenges ahead. The study used a Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) link that was previously developed and tested as a part of CAMP-USDOT collaborative efforts for between vehicle communications. The method that will be selected for V2X relative positioning has a direct impact on the data volume shared Over-the-Air using the DSRC data link. Therefore, this study and its findings are of great importance for data management in Vehicular Networks.
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Review of GNSS Formats for Real-Time Positioning
This paper reviews several prevalent formats that are used to transmit GNSS data in real-time. This work has initiated from the research on real-time quality control for Network RTK positioning which aims to independently assess the positioning quality of users performing NRTK surveys. To achieve this purpose, raw observation data from the mobile users needs to be acquired in real-time to be quality assessed. Initially it was intended to use international standard such as RTCM-3 for this purpose, however it was discovered that most current generation GNSS receivers do not support RTCM-3 from a receiver in rover mode. Hence it was necessary to acquire and implement the various binary formats used by different GNSS manufactures. This paper provides a detailed overview of several of these formats. Different formats are examined in terms of their message structure, efficiency, and bandwidth usage. The issue of bandwidth is particularly important as the advent of multiple satellite constellations will see the number of observations (and as a result bandwidth) increase substantially.
Developing Regional Precise Positioning Services Using the Legacy and Future GNSS Receivers
Journal of Global Positioning Systems, 2009
This paper presents an overview of technical solutions for regional area precise GNSS positioning services such as in Queensland. The research focuses on the technical and business issues that currently constrain GPS-based local area Real Time Kinematic (RTK) precise positioning services so as to operate in future across larger regional areas, and therefore support services in agriculture, mining, utilities, surveying, construction, and others. The paper first outlines an overall technical framework that has been proposed to transition the current RTK services to future larger scale coverage. The framework enables mixed use of different reference GNSS receiver types, dual-or triple-frequency, single or multiple systems, to provide RTK correction services to users equipped with any type of GNSS receivers. Next, data processing algorithms appropriate for triple-frequency GNSS signals are reviewed and some key performance benefits of using triple carrier signals for reliable RTK positioning over long distances are demonstrated. A server-based RTK software platform is being developed to allow for user positioning computations at server nodes instead of on the user's device. An optimal deployment scheme for reference stations across a larger-scale network has been suggested, given restrictions such as inter-station distances, candidates for reference locations, and operational modes. For instance, inter-station distances between triple-frequency receivers can be extended to 150km, which doubles the distance between dualfrequency receivers in the existing RTK network designs.
Application of GNSS in Road Traffic and Construction
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) plays a more and more important role in our society, especially in traffic field. In road traffic network, there are many applications of GNSS. For example, taxi, car rental companies, and shipping companies use GPS technology to track their vehicles and dispatch them reasonably and efficiently. Therefore, these companies can decrease costs and response to their customer quickly. Meanwhile, many traffic construction projects rely more and more on Global Positioning System (GPS) because of its high level of precision. It is mainly used to establish various road engineering control network and measure the control points, etc. Road builder use GPS devices scaling a map and estimating parameters such as slope and turning angle of a road which is important in road construction. This paper will talk about the application of GNSS in traffic field from two aspects: traffic navigation and road construction.
Global positioning systems in the time domain: How useful a tool for intelligent vehicle-highway systems?
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 1995
Much of the research and development work in intelligent vehicle-highway systems (IVHS) relies on the availability of methods for locating and monitoring vehicles (e.g. "probe vehicles") in real time across a road network. This paper considers the use of the global positioning system (GPS) as one method for obtaining information on the position, speed and direction of travel of vehicles. It reports the results of a series of field studies, in which real-time GPS data were compared to data collected by an instrumented vehicle, under a range of physical and traffic conditions. The field studies and consequent data analysis provide a picture of the reliability and usefulness of GPS data for traffic monitoring purposes, and hence the possibilities for the use of GPS in IVHS projects. The use of GPS receivers tailored for mobile applications, and able to provide direct observations of vehicle speed and travel direction, coupled with database management using geographic information systems (GIS) software, was found to provide a reliable and efficient system for vehicle monitoring.
Accuracy Assessment of RTK GNSS based Positioning Systems for Automated Driving
IEEE 15th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communications, 2018
High accuracy positioning systems are crucial for automated driving. Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning is widely used in high-precision positioning and navigation applications, and can also be used in automated driving use cases. Little public information is available, however, on how the accuracy deteriorates as a function of the distance between the base station and the vehicle. This paper presents a practical approach and experimental results to characterize accuracy effects from increasing RTK operating range.
Achievable Positioning Accuracies in a Network of GNSS Reference Stations
Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Signal, Theory and Applications, 2012
Communications and GNSS based Navigation: A Comparison of Current and Future Trends
2007 16th IST Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit, 2007
This paper gives an overview on communications system based and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) based navigation. Starting from the physical layer model of a mobile communications or navigation receiver, we highlight similarities and differences between the two receivers. We explain navigation principles for timing measurements and present the possible navigation accuracies of different communications systems and GNSSs. Finally, we examine synergies of combined receivers and systems.
Satellite Radiolocalization From GPS to GNSS and Beyond: Novel Technologies and Applications for Civil Mass Market
Proceedings of The IEEE, 2011
It is known that satellite radiolocalization was born in the military environment and was originally conceived for defense purposes. Nevertheless, the commercial explosion (dated to 20 years ago) of global positioning system (GPS) in the civil market (automotive, tourism, etc.) significantly changed the original perspectives of this technology. Another big change is expected when other global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as the European Galileo or the Chinese COMPASS become operational and commercial. In fact, modern GNSSs are conceived principally for the civil market (at the opposite of GPS, whose civil employment is given as a sort of “kind gift,” with lower performance than that one granted to military users). The scope of this paper is to provide readers with a clear focus about the potentialities of current and forthcoming GNSSs and associated technologies in a renewed mass-market perspective. The paper also opens a window to the future of radiolocalization technology beyond GPS and GNSS, dealing with the role of digital signal processing and software-defined radio (SDR) in next-generation navigation systems and with the seamless integration of satellite-based navigation with other technologies in order to provide reliable position information also in hostile environments.
Role of GPS and Satellites Navigation System In Development Area
Global Positioning System or GPS is a satellite navigation system mounted on space to provide location as well as time information at any section of the earth that has no obstruction in the GPS satellite line of sight (Cunningham 1). GPS technology has advanced and continues to advance very fast with new models being developed each year to correct challenges experienced in order versions. Furthermore, GPS technology continues play an active role in the modern engineering as evident in the wide range of applications that it has been proved to be of immense help and contributions. In this review of literature, the active role played by GPS in modern engineering shall be discussed in detail, particularly as regards to the various fields in which this technology has been applied. The literature review will address: Integration of GPS and Geographical Information System (GIS; application of GPS in traffic studies and other applications such as probe vehicles, management of traffic Congestion and traffic volumes; attitude determination using GPS, particularly noise analysis in attitude determination using GPS; GPS for intelligent vehicle-highway systems; geometric modeling of highways using GPS; and GPS for parallel load flow analysis. The GPS positioning and navigation using GPS (Global Positioning System) where explored, GPS is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS receiver in the areas of precise positioning, mapping locations, navigating across the mapped locations very easily. The purpose of this paper is to showcase the experiences that incurred in designing a positioning and navigation system (GPS), which can be used as a moving compass, steering to any mapped destination, providing the information about near by places, tourist attractions, petrol bunks etc.
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