OVERALL INDEX OF POLLUTION (OIP) FOR TIGRIS RIVER, BAGHDAD

Baghdad Science Journal, 2021

This study was performed on the Tigris River (Baghdad city section) during the period between December 2016 and December 2018 to assess seasonal variation in water quality using the Overall Index of Pollution (OIP). The OIP is one of the reliable tools for the assessment of surface water quality. To calculate OIP-values, eight parameters were measured ( pH, Dissolved Oxygen "DO", Biological Oxygen Demand "BOD", Total Dissolved Solid "TDS", Total Hardness "TH", calcium "Ca", Sulphate "SO4" and Alkalinity). The results showed the anthropogenic activities impact of Baghdad population that directly discharge of "inadequate treated" waste water to the river. OIP values were acceptable (1˃OIP˃ 1.7) in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2018. However, in 2014 and 2017,the OIP recorded values that were acceptable and tend to be slightly polluted (1.7˃OIP˃2.5). The impairment of water quality during 2014 and 2017 might be caused by the...

Research Square (Research Square), 2021

The current study aimed at exploring and identifying pollution indicators of the Tigris River in Baghdad through studying physical and chemical characteristics. Monthly water samples were collected from four locations along the Tigris River in Baghdad for 12 months period. The studied characteristics of the current study included surface water temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, phosphate, nitrate, and Sulphate. The results showed that the mean values of all the studied physical and chemical characteristics except pH, temperature, and phosphate were higher than the acceptable limits of the Iraqi river water guidelines and international standards. The current study concluded that the Tigris River water was heavily polluted from untreated sewage discharge and other industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. The study recommended immediate measures to be taken to end the nonstop in ow of sewage and wastes into the Tigris River water from the residential, commercial, and institutional activities in Baghdad.

Mesopotamia Environmental Journal

This study investigate the effects of the city on the water quality of Tigris River, Water samples were collected from upstream, midstream and downstream sections of the river within Baghdad city. This study included the analyzed of Physico-chemical parameters and compared them with CCME Standard Values for protection of aquatic life and application of CCME mathematical model that facilities the expression of the result and gives a clear picture for the river status, eleven parameter were used to compute the CCMEWQI which are: pH, Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Chloride (Cl), Ammonia (NH 4), Nitrate (NO 3), Nitrite (NO 2), phosphate (PO 4) Turbidity, Lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu). The result show that all stations in both seasons (winter &summer) have poor valuation, which indicate that's Tigris River in Baghdad city are heavily polluted for the aquatic life.

Due to the deterioration of water quality within the last few years because of the increase of water consumption and the waste water production and disposal into the river The water quality in both surface and ground water resources was negatively affected .The concept of water quality index is used as a tool for water quality classification in Tigris River within Baghdad City .Twenty two parameters of pollution were selected to measure the water quality indices of Tigris river within Baghdad city .Those parameters were measured during (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)as average monthly values ,three water treatment plants were selected out of the eight water treatment plants that exist along the river.Al Kharkh water treatment plant to reflect the water quality north of Baghdad ,Al Wathba water treatment plant to reflect water quality at the center and Al Rasheed water treatment plant located south of Baghdad to reflect the water quality at this area .The estimated water quality indices indicated that the river quality deteriorate south of Baghdad and the geological and hydrological conditions played the prime role relative to the agricultural and industrial activities within the catchments on the quality of Tigris river .Furthermore ,due to the continuous decrease of flow and the simultaneous increase in agricultural and industrial development with time ,the river showed a general deterioration in quality while the worst years were 2002,2003 due to the significant decrease in the amount of flow .

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality of Tigris river by measuring the physicochemical parameters of the river within Baghdad city in Iraq from the period of February 2017 to February 2018. Four sites were selected from upreach, reach and downreach. Temperature of air and water, pH, electrical conductivity, salinity and water flow were measured in the field, While, the laboratory measurements included total dissolved substances (TDS), total suspended substances (TSS), turbidity, nutrients (nitrite, nitrate and phosphate), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen (DO), organic matter and total organic carbon (TOC), these parameters were used to indicate the pollution of Tigris River ecosystem. The results show that all parameters variation in both seasons (wet and dry), which has led to a deterioration in water quality. A higher level of contamination was recorded at reach sites (Al-Sarrafia Bridge and Al-Shuhada Bridge) in contrast to other sites (Al-Muthanna Bridge and Al-Dora Bridge). This indicates that the Tigris river in the middle of Baghdad city is more polluted due to the anthropogenic impacts.

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development, 2020

This study has been provided to assess the stream water for Tigris River within Baghdad city included five sites Thiraa-Tigris (S1), Al-Muthana bridge (S2), Al-Shuhadaa bridge (S3), Al-Doraa (S4) and meeting place in the Diyala river (S5) and the study extended to stations south of Baghdad city. Ten parameters of water quality were used in this study, Total Hardness (TH), Calcium (Ca), Hydrogen Ion concentration (PH), Chloride (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Nitrate (NO3), Sodium (Na), Boron (B), Turbidity (TUR) and Sulfate (SO4). The assessment of water quality for river water was done using three methods, Weighted, Arithmetic, Water Quality Index Method (WA WQI), Canadian Council of Ministry of Environmental (CCME WQI), and the third water quality method developed by Erdenebayar. Overall water quality index by the three methods showed Poor to Unsuitable quality index in Tigris River at Baghdad city except for Al-Muthna bridge (S2) was grade good quality index during the time period. From the analysis, it was found that the worst water quality index at the confluence point of Diyala river (S5) and grade unsuitable quality index.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

Two water quality indices (WQI) were applied in the Tigris River using thirteen water quality parameters (pH, chlorides, sulfate, nitrate, salts, BOD 5, iron, boron, zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, and chromium) in this study. They were calculated for the six years from 2008 to 2013 and then compared with sets of standard values of river maintaining systems. The results indicated that the water quality of the Tigris River for CCME-WQI was generally "Fair" to "Good" in 2008, 2009, and 2010 (CCME WQI range: 69.67-88.46) for all sites. CCME WQI values fell from "Marginal" to "Fair" in all sites over the last two years (2012 and 2013). WPI was " pure" to " Moderately polluted " from 2008-2011 (WPI range: 0.63-1.55) for all sites. Whereas, WPI values dropped to ranging from " Moderately polluted " to "polluted" (WPI range: 1.15-2.39) in all sites in 2012 and 2013. The effect of various human activities and dryness were evident on some parameters such as the heavy metals, Sulfate, Chlorides, Salts and Nitrate. Where their concentrations exceeded the permissible limits of the river maintaining system in most of the sites, and thus were the reason for the decline in the values of the indices. So, the monitoring of the Tigris River is important for proper management and for preserving this important water source.

Evaluation of Tigris River water quality within Baghdad City using the CCME index for various purposes, 2025

This study evaluated the Tigris River's water quality in Baghdad City for four different purposes, including drinking water supply, aquatic life, and agricultural requirements using Canadian WQI. The evaluation is based on data collected over 2021 and 2022. The parameters of water temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, pH, DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, chloride, fluoride, magnesium, calcium, sulfate, sodium, magnesium hazard (MH), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured for index CCME calculation. The results indicated that water temperature and turbidity are the variables that crossed standard guidelines for aquatic life protection, ranked within fair quality. In contrast, water temperature, turbidity, and TDS are the variables that exceeded the allowable levels for overall water quality, mainly ranked within a good class. For drinking water purposes, turbidity and Ca are among the parameters that fall outside the acceptable limits, rated between marginal and fair class.

Water pollution is the most important tasks facing all countries in the world to obtain suitable water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. This study concerns with the effect of Bagdad city waste water on pollution and quality of Tigris River water using index of Aquifer water quality (IAWQ). The accuracy of chemical analyses of the selected water samples are conduced according to world standards of health classifications. Results of these analysis show that only two types of the 13 th tested sample are ( certain ) ,while the other patterns ( models )are of the ( probable certain ). Cluster analysis is applied to evaluate the studied water characteristic. The results of the cluster analysis show the presence of three varying groups in their impact on their chemical properties on water .According to the cluster analysis and permissible limits of the variables, three chemical variables cadmium, lead, and calcium are selected to indicate its impact on the studied area. It is found that when using (IAWG) for the Tigris River, there is an increase in the values of the index along the river from its entry to Baghdad until it meets the Diyala river, showing a clear pollution of the Tigris river water. * Keyword: water pollution, water quality, IAWQ, cluster analysis

Water pollution is the most important tasks facing all countries in the world to obtain suitable water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. This study concerns with the effect of Bagdad city waste water on pollution and quality of Tigris River water using index of Aquifer water quality (IAWQ). The accuracy of chemical analyses of the selected water samples are conduced according to world standards of health classifications. Results of these analysis show that only two types of the 13 th tested sample are (certain) ,while the other patterns (models)are of the (probable certain). Cluster analysis is applied to evaluate the studied water characteristic. The results of the cluster analysis show the presence of three varying groups in their impact on their chemical properties on water .According to the cluster analysis and permissible limits of the variables, three chemical variables cadmium, lead, and calcium are selected to indicate its impact on the studied area. It is fo...