ECONOMICS FOR PUBLIC ADMINISTRATORS

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY- …, 2007

THE HANDBOOK OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VOL-2, 2022

The second half of the 20th century witnessed a series of new social, political, and economic developments. New global organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) emerged for economic and commercial stability and the United Nations for political stability. Meanwhile, the Cold War in the bipolar world took place in this period. The dominant economic worldview of this period–at least for Western societies, including Western Europe and the USA–was the “demand-oriented” Keynesian economics and advocated states’ intervention in the economy as opposed to the liberal Laissez-faire “market-centered” approach.1 Keynesian economy affected the world economy and politics from the 1930s to the 1970s. While Keynesian economics was dissolving after the crisis in the 1970s, neo-liberalism, which was the continuation of classical liberalism, superseded it by simply adapting to the new situation. Neo-liberalism, a new-period adaptation of classical liberalism, began to express itself with new concepts, institutions, and forms. One of these concepts is governance

This series of works presents drafts from the economics section in the critique of capital. This is to become a published work. The argument of premise; that mainstream economic, political and social practices do more harm than good and neglect the welfare of future generations. In the section of economics we grapple with economic theory, principles, history and practice. New insights and perspectives are given as concern how the capitalist economy has both traditionally and presently worked (and failed), and how economics should, ideally, work in general. Our main inquiry: to demystify mainstream political economy doctrines and conclude concerning capitalism's ability to meet the "common good" or "general welfare" satisfactorily. A Note from the author: We are looking to produce a more refined, accurate and thought provoking work. Therefore, your comments, objections, suggestions, challenges and other academic, grammatical, editorial and professional advice, disputes, concerns or directions are most warmly welcomed. Feel free to message or e-mail the author with your "two cents," we encourage it.

2000

Part of The Coming Ecological Crisis Pt 2 Economics by Dr Peter Critchley There has been an explosion of interest in the connection of morality and markets. The demands that capitalism moderate its unethical activities implies a social identity connecting egoism and altruism that simply is not available within capitalist relations. Capitalists are compelled to accumulate capital as a systemic imperative, not out of moral choice. For a better understanding of how capitalism cannot supply an ethical base it is worth examining the original thinkers behind the free market, who had a ‘political’ sense of how prices, value and the wider economy worked. Before economics became an independent discipline, a ‘science’ no less, economics was political economy and moral philosophy – the economy could only be understood in its relation to society, institutions, codes and values and cultures. Modern economics has forgotten its past and it shows. This argument focuses upon constants to establish a non-relativism in politics and morality grounded in essential human nature and to point out the dangers of libertarianism and relativism.

2018

Place and size of public sector in general economic structure had been a fundamental research area with important discussion in public finance literature. Undoubtedly, these discussions contain topics that lead fundamental economic policies by investigating level of public expenditures, how much income will be collected, what level of loans will be taken, and what type of monetary policies will be applied. When this subject has evaluated under budget right, most important topics are who will decide and how these decisions will be made. As it is known, price mechanism that regulated supply and demand in market economy has an effect to decide what will be produced in what level. Decisions in public part are shaped according to demand and expectations of the public. Process and mechanism where individual demands are converted into public demands, and what will be produced at what level, and how the financing will be provided are political decision making process and mechanism. Politica...

Journal of Research and Opinion, 2019

The government plays some significant role when it comes to functions she performs upon which she exercises public policies. Public policies are the cogent mixture of legislation with politically prioritized ideas with which broad policy directive statements are made, which are directed at civil service and public agencies from time to time for implementation, to enhance adequate socioeconomic and market stability which was aimed at the productivity of output. The lives of individuals and that of business organizations are affected every day by policies instituted by governments, political organizations, social organizations, labour groups, educational institutions, labour groups, service organizations, communities and even religious organizations such as churches in the exercise of their functions. Our preoccupation in this study is to look at the functions or role of the government as it affects the economic lives of the citizens of a nation. The pronouncements or policies of all these institutions affect man's life in every ramification especially the economic lives of people. Any time a political or military government decides to continue with an existing public policy of its predecessor, in her bid to carry out these functions, then the functions have to key into the public policy. A mere look at these functions tells one that there is the need for the pronouncement of such public policy statement to keep the actors and the general public (citizens) informed to enlighten everyone to play his part in achieving the desired goal of government. Hence, it is our major objective to look at the reasons for such statements and to bring to the fore the divergent roles of government which permits them to issue such public statements, and their implementations. We observed that every sphere of the lives of the citizenry is touched by the government over her policies. The government has many roles to perform in an economy. The government spends and makes money, consumes goods and services, creates goods and services, creates jobs and employ people. The Federal, state, and local governments raise funds directly through taxes, levies, fines, fees, etc. to enable her to carry out her functions in the economy. These areas include the maintenance of peace, law and order, defence and security, the regulation of certain sectors of the economy through public policy statements especially that of petroleum oil (mining sector), the agricultural sector, and the industrial and manufacturing sector, and more especially with the budget etc. with diverse policies which included that of the development plans, social distributive justice, progressive taxation, efficient utilization of resources. participation in crises resolution during a financial or economic crisis, maintenance of price stability and ceiling, Control of inflation, Stoppage of black marketing especially in crude or petroleum bunkering, maintenance of law and order especially during periods of political disorder, crises or chaos. In the final analysis, it was established that government plays various roles in the state among those roles. It is recommended that public policies should be firm, enduring and enacted in the true spirit of patriotism, for truly developmental in nature and should bring about economic development and growth.

Newsletter : an occasional publication of the Institute of Public Finance, 2000

The state of affairs, problems, and possible solutions At almost the same time, Croatia got a new parliament, a new government and a new president. We would like to help them all to succeed in grasping the complex questions of public sector economics. It is for this reason that, on the foundation of our work and research to date, we have drawn up a text entitled: "Public Sector Economics-The state of affairs, problems, and possible solutions". Although by very definition a newsletter should be short, this time, exceptionally, because of changes in society that are so important, we are publishing a longer, integral text. We hope that the views and possible solutions stated will make their way to the public and to representatives of the public who are charged with making the key decisions. We also hope that it will stimulate other experts to make their own views heard and contribute to a reasoned debate, to the launching of further research, and to better approaches to public sector economics.