Environmental sanitation in Addis Ababa

2009

Improvement of sanitation facilities and subsequent practices is considered to contribute to overall human development with far reaching benefits for the welfare of people. It can reduce wastewater flows when treatment capacities are upgraded, but it can also create a higher load of wastewater flowing into the environment downstream. Additional sanitary water requirements in a water scarce city may be difficult to meet. In this paper we explore the scale of impact of improving sanitation in Addis Ababa in terms of water quality and quantity of water flows in and out of the city. Conventional approaches to sanitary improvement at the city level, like extension of the sewage coverage and upgrading of wastewater treatment capacities will require additional water in a city that is already water scarce. Also, it will change the characteristics of irrigation water that is used by farmers in and around the city. Note 1. With the term 'sanitary development' is meant in this paper, the development of sanitation infrastructure at the individual or household level and city level (toilet facilities and wastewater disposal and treatment systems).

2009

Water pollution can be considered as a sideeffect of economic growth and is a common phenomenon in fast growing cities in developing countries. This paper describes the situation in Addis Ababa by tracing the origins of pollution and by focusing on urban and periurban farmers who depend on polluted water sources for irrigated agriculture. Discharge of untreated effluent from industries, solid wastes and wastewater from households and institutions, are the major sources of pollution of the rivers flowing through the city. For existing industries, pollution control mechanisms such as discharge permits and limits to the disposal of effluents into the environment should be enforced. The local and state governments should enhance public sensitization programs on hygiene, sanitation and environmental issues. World Bank. (2007a) Project appraisal document on a proposed credit to Ethiopia for an Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project. Washington. World Bank (2007b) Cost of Pollution in China. Beijing: World Bank.

Water Resources Management December 2012, Volume 26, Issue 15, pp 4295-4309

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2011

This paper will contribute to both discussions at the March 2011 East Africa Practitioners Workshop and also provide a basis for further in-depth studies on policy, advocacy, and research on pro-poor sanitation and hygiene in urban East Africa. The information presented is a synthesis of literature. In East Africa, poverty remains one of the greatest challenges facing the people and their governments. From a water and sanitation perspective, commendable achievements for better health, water and sanitation have been realized. The public health situation in East Africa's urban poor is greatly compromised because of inadequate sanitation and hygiene. The institutional framework for addressing urban sanitation and hygiene does not work for the poor. Sanitary conditions are particularly poor in East Africa's slums, where a majority of residents resort to open spaces and pit latrines that are over-used and inadequately maintained. Conventional public finance in sanitation generally focuses on subsidies for household and public toilets and grants for urban sewerage and solid waste systems. Despite these challenges numerous opportunities can be discerned. These opportunities include advocacy, research, service delivery, and even programming interventions for civil society, the private sector, and the state(s). With an increasingly supportive political environment, all actors including the urban poor ought to pro-actively support participatory interventions. The other opportunities relate to pro-poor financing through loans or revolving funds managed through micro-finance institutions. Civil society could engage sanitation and hygiene for the urban poor and explore partnerships to support civil society participation in these crucial policy processes. While the discussion in this paper is not exhaustive or even fully representative of the current and complex sanitation and hygiene situation in urban East Africa, it shows glaring gaps for intervention. Table 2: Access to water and sanitation between 2000-2030 Country Water Coverage (%) Sanitation (%) Urban Rural Urban Rural Kenya 85 49 19 48 Uganda 90 60 29 34 Tanzania 81 46 31 34

2011

The Development Objective of the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project is increased access to sustainable water supply and sanitation services in Addis Ababa and four secondary cities. Has the Project Development Objective been changed since Board Approval of the Project? Yes No Component(s) Component Name Component Cost

2010

Summary Current monitoring procedures, notably the UNICEF-WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), are probably under-estimating the severity of the sanitation deficit in African cities, for reasons including under-representation of informal settlements in data collection. Furthermore, household access estimates are probably not a sufficient indicator of urban sanitation quality: this would require consideration of the effectiveness of downstream sewage/sludge management processes. This article, originating from a discussion workshop held at the University of Surrey (UK) in June 2010, proposes possible adjustments to urban sanitation monitoring procedures, and considers whether it would be useful to obtain monitoring data for specific cities. We suggest that it might be of value to implement city sanitation rating schemes in Africa, similar to the scheme recently introduced in India. In any such process, it is essential to take account of the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders, ...

2013

Ministers responsible for water in 41 African countries met in Abuja, Nigeria, in April 2002, and decided to form AMCOW to promote cooperation, security, socioeconomic development and poverty eradication through the management of water resources and the provision of water supply and sanitation services. Since its inception in 2002 the African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW) has strived to strengthen intergovernmental cooperation in order to halt and reverse the water crisis and sanitation problems in Africa. For sanitation, one of the key ways AMCOW has achieved this is through an 'AfricaSan dialogue', which since 2002 has become a movement for change and progress in sanitation and hygiene in Africa. Through the pan-Africa and regional AfricaSan conferences, AMCOW has been able to facilitate the sharing and adoption of best practices in sanitation service development, as well as rewarding success. The AMCOW AfricaSan Awards for sanitation and hygiene were formally launched during the 2nd AfricaSan Conference in 2008. The awards are dedicated to recognizing outstanding efforts and achievements in sanitation and hygiene in Africa which result in large-scale, sustainable behaviour changes and tangible impacts. Also in 2008, AMCOW led the development of the eThekwini commitments. A set of specific commitments, formed during the International Year of Sanitation to get Africa back on track to meet the MDGs. Since then, AMCOW has monitored progress towards these commitments, which is another key element of AMCOWs remit. The Third Africa Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene (AfricaSan 3) was held from July 19th-21st, 2011 in Kigali, Rwanda. The Government of Rwanda and AMCOW hosted the event which brought together nearly 900 participants from governments, multilateral agencies, development banks, local and international civil society organizations, youth groups, gender interest groups, utilities, local governments and universities from 67 countries. The conference featured a political dialogue amongst 23 Ministers responsible for sanitation and the launch of the UNSGAB 5-year Drive for Sustainable Sanitation in Africa. Ministers reviewed progress against the 2008 eThekwini AfricaSan declaration and produced a Kigali Ministerial Statement on Sanitation and Hygiene. Forums for leaders of utilities, local government and civil society also produced commitments to strengthen performance and impact. A rich array of technical sessions was organized on topics prioritized in country preparation meetings held in 37 African countries prior to the conference. AMCOW felt that documenting these technical papers would bring the knowledge to a wider audience and present a body of knowledge against which to measure progress in future AfricaSan events. This book presents in depth, much of the learning and knowledge generated at AfricaSan 3. It is a great pleasure to extend our thanks to the agencies (in particular WSP for organizing this publication) and to the individual authors for taking the time to develop their presentations into chapters. By taking stock of progress and identifying technical assistance that countries need, we have been able significantly to improve the sanitation status in Africa. There is a great deal still to do and this book testifies that whilst there is no room for complacency, there is much reason for optimism. We hope that this book will be a useful aid to countries in the final push towards achieving the eThekwini commitments and the Sanitation MDG.

Vatten, 2009

The study examined what causes an individual to dispose of waste improperly in Ghana? What effects does poor sanitation bring to the citizens and the nation Ghana? And who is to ensure that Ghanaians do the right things in terms of sanitation issues? The study employed convenience sampling technique of sampling methods. It was discovered that most of the respondents had dust bins where they dispose-off their refuse. The majority of the respondents disposes-off their refuse every three days. According to the respondents Zoomlion Ghana Company was in charge of waste collection at Kaneshie. The majority of the respondents had an idea of communicable diseases that is being associated with indiscriminate solid waste disposal. The predominant communicable disease that the respondents knew was diarrhea. The respondents agree to the fact that air pollution and flooding were the major environmental effects of poor sanitation at Kaneshie. The majority of the respondents agreed that enforcement of sanitation bylaws could help manage the disposal of solid waste at Kaneshie. The majority of the respondents agreed to pay private companies to collect their waste. For poor sanitation most respondents blamed the individuals. It was discovered that private companies were doing better than government in the handling of waste management. The study suggested that there should be constant education on sanitation and its related issues, bylaws on sanitation should be properly insured to punish people who litter surroundings indiscriminately. People should develop proper attitudes and perception towards waste handling which should be achieved through both formal and informal education.