Fractal arrays : design and analysis

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 1999

A fractal is a recursively generated object having a fractional dimension. Many objects, including antennas, can be designed using the recursive nature of a fractal. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of fractal antenna engineering, with particular emphasis placed on the theory and design of fractal arrays. We introduce some important properties of fractal arrays, including the frequency-independent multi-band characteristics, schemes for realizing low-sidelobe designs, systematic approaches to thinning, and the ability to develop rapid beam-forming algorithms by exploiting the recursive nature of fractals. These arrays have fractional dimensions that are found from the generating subarray used to recursively create the fractal array. Our research is in its infancy, but the results so far are intriguing, and may have future practical applications.

A fractal is a recursively generated object having a fractional dimension. They have no characteristic size, and are constructed of many copies of themselves at different scales . In this report, we primarily focus on design of fractal linear array antenna for even number of elements and comparison of fractal linear array antenna for even , odd number of elements and also with conventional antenna . These arrays are analyzed by fractal electrodynamics and to simulate results by MATLAB programming.

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Energy, 2014

Antenna is often the most visible element of a radio system. The sizes and shapes of the conductors that comprise the antenna determine the directional characteristics of an antenna. The directional characteristics such as gain, directivity, radiation pattern, and polarization of an antenna are fundamentals to an understanding of the antenna and how it is used in a radio communications system are investigated by several researchers. The radiation pattern of a single element is relatively wide, and each element provides low gain. In many applications it is necessary to design antennas with very directive characteristics to meet the demands of long distance communication. This can only be accomplished by increasing the electrical size of the antenna. Without necessarily increasing the size of the individual elements, it is to form an assembly of radiating elements in an electrical and geometrical configuration. This new antenna, formed by multielements, is referred to as an array. In ...

In today's world of communication technology there is a need for compact and portable communication system. We have experienced evolvement of chips from transistor and we are in path of designing smaller size antenna. Fractal antenna is solution for problems based on frequency band and size of antenna. This paper is briefly explains the mathematics of fractals and its application on communication technology.

IJIREEICE, 2016

In this article, the most recent improvements in the field of fractal antenna designing are theoretically and additionally basically checked on and its future extension is talked about. Fractal design is a geometric example that is rehashed at each design and in this way can't be spoken to by exemplary geometry. The method of considering the fractal geometry in designing various attributes related to the performance of the antenna becomes advantageous when it improves the some parameters such as low VSWR, high radiation efficiency, high gain, wide bandwidth and reduced size etc. Fractal has exceptional property that it can make duplicates of itself at various scales. Fractal antenna basically centered around two fields: one is the utilizations of fractal antenna and second is the design and investigation of fractal antenna. As of late there has been a lot of enthusiasm for the design of antenna for remote correspondence on account of continuously growing scope of remote telecom benefits and related applications for voice and information transmission. The motivation behind this paper is to audit various inventive configuration ideas of Fractal antenna for remote applications.

2013

Fractal geometry proved to have wide applications in electromagnetics with their frequency independent and multiband characteristics. Of the several typical geometries Cantor set has close analogy with a simple linear array. Hence for this paper antenna array whose geometry obeys the Cantor fractal representation is considered. Investigation based on E field radiation patterns are performed and compared with that of conventional uniform linear array (ULA). A relation between the fractal size and its radiation characteristics like its maximum side lobe level, beam width are inferred from the radiation curves. The similarity between the conventional and the fractal arrays are discussed..

2017

Important element of any transceiving wireless devices are antennas, form of which influences on the quality of transmission and reception of information. These systems require multirange, broadband antennas that are small in size. In this paper experimental results on the determination of the radiation pattern of a novel small-size fractal antenna of based on an anisotropic curve are described. The fractal structures on the basis of which the antennas are built have self-similarity properties and are characterized by scaling effects. All this provides unique in comparison with standard types of antennas characteristics of uniformity of the radiation pattern over a wide range of frequencies while minimizing (5-10 times) the linear dimensions of the antennas, which is especially important for long-distance communication bands. The antenna beamwidth is the angular width expressed in degrees which is measured on the major lobe of the radiation pattern of an antenna. We present the expe...

IRJET, 2022

The design suggestions for three antennas, each of which has a whole separate set of capabilities. The idea of fractal geometry is used by all three in the process of constructing small antennas that have superior performance than that of Microstrip Patch antennas (MPAs). Fractals are now one of the most fruitful areas of study in the world of antenna design. Their most notable advantage is their capacity to increase electrical length while basically maintaining the same amount of area and delivering improved performance. The first idea is to create a hybrid fractal, which combines elements from two different kinds of fractals—the Sierpinski Carpet and the Giuseppe Peanu—and superimposes them on top of one other in order to provide the antenna the capability of narrow-band operation. Due to its ability to resonate in the S-band, it carries with it the potential to be used for WiMAX applications. The second idea is to use an iterative self-similar design to create a multi-band fractal, which is the second part of the second proposal. The antenna achieves its multi-band capabilities by cutting circles out of squares while preserving electrical conductivity throughout. The fact that it can resonate at five different frequencies within the range of three gigahertz to twelve gigahertz gives it a wide variety of potential uses, all of which are feasible within this frequency range. The third suggestion is to use an antenna with a very wide band, the manufacture of which has already been completed. The smallest of the three patches, this one was designed by cutting hexagonal holes out of a circular patch, and optimization was accomplished via the use of parametric analysis.

Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, 2016

Fractal array antenna design methodology is an artistic type of design methodology. Hence fractal array antennas are also called as artistic array antennas. This article proposes a concentric elliptical ring sub array generator geometric design methodology for a methodical expansion of multibeam fractal array antennas. Using this new geometric design methodology, any polygon shape can be constructed. This geometric design methodology provides a systematic approach for multiple beams of fractal array antennas, with unit amplitude constriction, using multi-beam sub arrays and without any increase in hardware complication. In this paper, a four-element rhombus fractal array antenna is examined using a proposed design methodology up to four concurrent iterations and for different eccentric values. Due to the recursive nature of the proposed methodology, the rhombus fractal array antenna shows multi-beam performance with abatement of beam width and better side-lobe levels. In the third and fourth iterations of the rhombus fractal array with expansion factor two, beamwidth reached single digit values of 7.2 • , 3.6 • with side-lobe level angles of 15.5 • and 8.1 • , respectively. The behavior of the proposed array shows better performance than four-element fractal array antenna generated by concentric circular subarray generator. The proposed fractal array antennas are analyzed and simulated by MATLAB programming.

In the overview paper approximately the designing and evaluation of fractal antennas that N Antenna is a sensor and transducer that converts electric alerts into electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic waves into electric alerts. In contemporary-day wi-fi conversation structures an antenna with low cost, small size, clean fabrication with proper overall performance is required. For the one's structures, microstrip antennas are excellent due to their massive advantages. Microstrip antennas also are referred to as patch antennas. This paper explains the layout and overall performance troubles of patch antennas in conjunction with their packages. In this paper, initially, we attention to the layout and overall performance troubles of microstrip antennas. The use of fractal geometries has notably impacted many regions of technology and engineering; certainly considered one among them is antennas. Antennas the use of a number of those geometries for diverse telecommunications packages are already to be had commercially. The use of fractal geometries has been proven to enhance numerous antenna functions to various extents.