Design and Simulation of 4 Wheel Steering System

Handling is the key feature that most of the people look for in their automobiles. This led to the development of " Four Wheel Steering" concept. It is a system that allows the rear wheel to turn, rather than following the front wheels. The steering box contains constant mesh spur gears which allows the driver to pick up any steering ratio according to his necessity. The concept of four wheel steering allows the driver to decrease the turning radius, so that the vehicle can take small turns. The reason for the system not being implemented in the commercial vehicle was its expensiveness. The main aim of this paper is to turn the rear wheels out of the phase. In order to achieve this, a system of constant mesh gearbox is used which transmits a 100% torque and will assist the rear wheels to turn in the phase or out of the phase.

The Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji

The article takes the form of a review paper and focuses on the control problems of four wheel steering vehicles. The main issues related to the control of four wheel steering (4WS) vehicles, the historical development, the current state and the approach to the construction of 4WS vehicles have been discussed. The whole of theoretical issues related to the control of the car direction (including elements related to mathematical modelling and simulation studies of the vehicle motion, issues of synthesis and analysis of the 4WS control algorithms) were presented systemically. The presented collection of literature is based on a rather extensive review relating to 4WS cars and on considerations shaping the concept of development of the topic of control algorithms in 4WS cars. A preliminary concept of control in autonomous cars is also presented and will be explain what type of road manoeuvres it is going to analyse. The authors have also shown an example of the computational apparatus ...

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 2020

Automobile segment makes new transformations day by day to make Automobiles improved, comfortable, secure & safe. This paper distinct one of the major innovative idea which is 4WS (4Wheel-Maneuvering System). In this time every Automobile is mostly using a 2-wheeled to manage maneuverability movement of the Automobile. Automobiles have to move through Small and slippery roads. Which is the major problem for the Automobile and drivers of the vehicle. i.e. slipping of tires & unsafe cornering. However, the risk of accidents is increases. But the desire output of the 2Wheel management the required is low compared to compared to the 4W Maneuvering systems commonly used Automobiles. This is employed to advance and smoothen the response in some Automobiles to improve maneuverability response, increase Automobile balance while moving at average speeds, to reduce turning radius at low speeds. The 4W maneuvering system is a great technology to take a part in an automotive design engineer to provide a smooth and better reception to the driver. In a regularly steered Automobile, only front wheels are capable of balanced cornering but in 4W Maneuvering both front and rear wheels will turn in opposite directions for cornering by this one can confidently can say that 4W Maneuvering will be helpful & safe for cornering. Also, the 4WS (4Wheel-Maneuvering System) will not only be helpful in cornering but in performing various Automobile parking actions, driving in strenuous conditions with heavy traffic in congested areas. It is difficult because of Automobile's larger wheelbase and track width. The 4WS will help in less turning radius. Commercial Automobiles will be more helpful in this Maneuvering system. Even so, this type of maneuvering system can be used in future Automobiles.

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen, 2001

In this paper we present an optimised 3 degreesof-freedom non-linear dynamic model of a four-wheelsteering (4WS) vehicle. As variables, we retain the lateral velocity V, the rolling velocity p and yaw velocity r. The front steer angle d f and rear steer angle d r are considered to be linear functions of the steering wheel angle h s and of dh s =dt, the proportionality parameters being k 1f , k 2f for d f and k 1r , k 2r for d r . The parameters k 1f , k 2f , k 1r , k 2r are optimised by use of the BOX mathematical algorithm. In a ®rst optimisation loop we minimise the sideslip angle b of the vehicle and in a second optimisation loop we assure, that the resultant (taken in the centre of gravity of the vehicle) of all the transversal forces F y applied on the wheels of the vehicle (reaction forces contained in the road plane), give a component F yx along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, that takes a non negative value. This assures, that the motor of the vehicle will not waste fuel to overcome resistance forces originating from the steering system of the vehicle. A numerical application is also presented for a 4WS vehicle negotiating a curve at constant velocity. The results are compared to those obtained by two models frequently used in the literature. The comparison testi®es on the superiority of our model for the application presented here.

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering and Research, 2018

This review paper proposed the various methodology of the steering system in automobile industries. Most of the automobile industries prefer the Ackerman steering system. This review paper used to find out the research gab and implementation steps in a steering system. The steering system should have good vibration resistance, flexible rotation and ease of assembly. Four wheel steering system has developed through the study of previous work.

IRJET, 2021

In a conventional steering system, the front wheels turn whereas the rear wheels do not turn and thus reduce the efficiency of turning by demanding a larger radius of turning. In a four-wheel steering system, the rear wheels also turn giving various types of driving path based on direction of turning. It provides faster maneuverability, like changing lanes, parking in tight spaces etc. The basic principle of steering and steering conditions remain same as the system requires a few components to be replaced with different design and additional functions for facilitating all four wheels to turn and transmit motion simultaneously. In this steering mechanism the rear wheels are not just following the front wheels, but turn at a specific ratio. There are two modes of steering along with the traditional front wheel steering in our proposed system which enables the driver to switch between the systems at his will and also have a possibility to change the steering ratio as this is a completely electronic system. With advances in technology, four-wheel steering systems have high usability by adapting electronic steering systems, thereby pre-programmed steer angles for front and rear wheels, sensors to monitor the vehicle dynamics and adjust the steer angles in real time.

Forschung im Ingenieurwesen, 2001

In this paper, we review some aspects of the kinematical theory of four-wheel-steering (4WS) vehicles and present some new results and conclusions that we came across during our research on the subject. In a ®rst paragraph, we compare the turning radius of two-wheelsteering (2WS) and 4WS vehicles and draw some interesting conclusions on the manoeuvring ability of either of them. In a second paragraph, we present a general kinematical analysis of 4WS vehicles by considering either the simpli®ed two-wheel (bicycle) model or the more complete four-wheel model. In this analysis, we assume the sideslip angles of the wheels as non-negligible and we derive the general formulae relating the steering angles of the wheels to the geometrical data of the vehicle. By taking as zero the steering angles of the rear wheels, we derive from the above relations the well-known formulae of Ackermann± Jeantaux that are valid for 2WS vehicles.

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE, 2018

As the four-wheel steering (4WS) system has great potentials, many researchers' attention was attracted to this technique and active research was made. As a result, passenger cars equipped with 4WS systems were put on the market a few years ago. This report tries to identify the essential elements of the 4WS technology in terms of vehicle dynamics and control techniques. Based on the findings of this investigation, the report gives a mechanism of electronically controlling the steering system depending on the variable pressure applied on it. This enhances the controlling and smoothens the operation of steering mechanism.

This paper deals with, the problems involved in two-wheel steering mechanism and how those can be overcome by implementing four-wheel steering mechanism. India's terrain varies widely, a typically used two-wheel steering system is less stable than four-wheel steering system which is best equipped while dealing with it[1]. It advances its stability and control at higher speed, neutral steering, maneuverability, turning radius. In this paper efforts are made to make a cost effective and efficient mechanism of four-wheel steering using rack and pinion and an intermediate shaft. It allows the driver to change from two-wheel to four-wheel according to its requirement.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET, 2020

The steering system being an essential part of the vehicle as it allows the driver to turn the vehicle which includes the steering wheel, steering gear box, pitman arm, drag link, tie rods, steering arms. Rear wheel steering is a well-known technology on which research is still going on but its implementation in real life applications are limited. Convenient front wheel steering does not provide tight turning which make rear wheel steering effective in the agricultural sector, Industrial vehicles are that it offers easy low speed maneuverability and assists in achieving tight turning radius.

SAE Technical Paper, 2011

In this paper a four independent wheel-steering system and its application on the HOST prototype are presented. The prototype is a heavy duty vehicle with four wheel motors controlled by wire, so that each wheel is mechanically not-linked to the other ones and has four degrees-of-freedom. Each wheel has an electric steering actuator to move the wheels around the steering axis, which is controlled by wire. The first part of the work deals with the model determination, reducing the four degree-of-freedom system into a one degreeof-freedom system. In the second part, the relationship between the rotations of each wheel and the linear movement of the electric steering is presented. In the third part the steering ratio is calculated and a parameter to reduce the slip angle is defined. In this way a four independent wheel steering model has been developed and applied to the specific characteristics of HOST. Finally the vehicle handling has been tested through simulations of steering-pad and moose-test, in order to verify the stationary and dynamic handling behavior. Despite the model is simplified, owing to the use of the corrective parameter, good performances in terms of turning radius, slip-angle and roll-angle are achieved, increasing maneuverability and stability.

In a conventional steering system, the steering action is achieved using a rack and pinion gear box arrangement causing more frictional losses and tends to increase the weight and space occupied at the frontal portion of the vehicle.

International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 2022

This paper describes our first research experience in designing and simulation of a mechanical model or a mechanical system to steer vehicles. As the vehicles is getting more and more autonomous. In this project we created a system or an assembly, The Linear Steering mechanism is designed to steer cars without steering wheels, The project is inspired by Merceries AVTAR vehicle model and aims to develop similar mechanism with concept's learned by us so far. The project can be divided in 3 major parts, First studying basic steering mechanism, second designing, drawing and making CAD model, And lastly Analysis of Model. The designing was done in AutoCAD and Fussion360. We even performed Multibody Dynamics (MBD) in Inspire to determine and analyse forces on system and further performed Finite Element Analysis to determine Factor of safety.

IRJET, 2022

The paper discusses about the design and production process of 4-Wheel Steering system. The basic motive behind this research is to improve the steering ability and effort required while turning the vehicle. This prototype of gearbox will reduce the turning radius of vehicle, manoeuvre in different terrains easily, and increase the stability of steering wheel while driving vehicles at high speeds. In this paper we have designed and discussed the manufacturing techniques of designed gearbox through which 4-Wheel Steer can be achieved. By using this system, it is possible for driver to control angles of four wheels. In this steering mechanism rear wheels turns in opposite direction with respect to front wheels at slow speed conditions while turning. This will result in low turning radius and prevent sliding on slippery terrains such as snow and rain covered roads. Similarly, at high speeds another gear system will get engaged, which will turn the rear wheel in the same direction as of front wheel providing a smooth turn at high speeds. An attempt is made to formulate this gear box by using rack and pinion steering system with certain controllers and actuators to automate the gear engaging process. The paper shows a methodology to achieve a suitable manufactured prototype of four-wheel steered gearbox and discuss the benefits of this system.