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History does not exist only to describe how something became what it is now but also to continuously remind, teach, and enlighten the present about the steps it took and the hardships it underwent. For some, history is their moment of glory, patriotism, and power to rise above everyone else. For others, it is a period of endless suffering, repression, and fear. Thus, history can be simply described as a coin having two sides showing the progress and experiences of both the oppressors and the oppressed, mostly the former. One among the latter is the Philippines. Philippine history shows how the formidable countries in the west used the innocence and naivety of the natives to pacify and colonize the archipelago. Eventually, it led to the Philippines becoming one of the most exploited nation-states of capitalist countries. To understand how the once-innocent archipelago became one of the satellites of capitalism, it is imperative to peruse its history and understand how one event resulted in another and ultimately led to the present. In the succeeding paragraphs, the history of the Philippines through the lens of the book, The Philippines: A Past Revisited, will be critically discussed, consisting of both Constantino’s narration and the writer’s sentiments and reflection. Further, the critique paper will explore the Philippines’ history from the Spanish occupation to the neo-colonial setup of the country.
John Mico Lomboy, 2022
2021
Pre-colonial Philippines was a land with numerous tribes under noble chieftains whose very purpose was governing its people, protecting their lands, and claiming new territories to prove their power on the lands. One of the most influential and most advanced were those which have come from Mindanao, which was described by the Spaniards as the most advanced and systematic among all the societies in the country, capable of dominating the country if the course of history took a different route. Before the Spaniards came Philippine's settlements are very simple, barangays are already existing. Villages from different parts of Philippines varies. Manila has an approximate of two thousand residents. Most of Visayas villages are small and found near the sea. Not only in the Visayas but most communities in the Philippines were near the coast one reason for this is because of the country's geographical setup and for food, resources, and efficient transport across different islands. In addition, barangay members are commonly related to each other since power is commonly passed down to relatives. Pre-colonial times the Philippines worshipped their ancestral spirits, gods, and deities of the Earth. This religious practice was headed by Babaylans. Spanish colonialism started to change everything. They stopped the progress of different native communities and they started to unite the whole archipelago through one of which is by Christianity so that they can control it easily. With the crown of Spain, the Spaniards brought Christianity and baptized natives to further engrave themselves into our lands. During the Spaniards occupation Filipinos were displaced from their traditional settlements and were moved into the Friars desired location to put them to their desired use, commonly as workers in fields. Slavery exists in pre-colonial Philippines although they are not what entirely slaves. They are the people who pledge for service to pay their debts. The slavery was not as cruel as those of other nations at the time. Slavery exists at that time because of the different status of people and for different reasons. The power of the political structure shifted when the Spaniards came. Governador-General was placed in the nation as a representative of the King of Spain yet despite this setup, the Friars, leaders of the Churches have gained immense influence over the nation and the decision making of the state. With the changes in the political structure of the nation, the chieftains who once ruled as administrators of the land were replaced by Spanish officials and Friars who acted as rulers of the nation, doing all things which pleased and favoured them in addition to serving the crown of Spain and doing its bidding in the nation.
Jose Rizal's role in the Philippine Revolution is marked by its contradictions. While many national heroes are celebrated for leading their nations to freedom, Rizal stands apart as a figure who actively opposed and disavowed the revolutionary movement. In his manifesto of December 15, 1896, he made his stance unequivocally clear, denouncing the rebellion and its criminal methods. Rizal's opposition to the revolution was grounded in his belief that meaningful reforms should come from above, rather than through violent uprisings. His perspective was, in many ways, in opposition to the prevailing sentiment of his time. One of the central themes in the passage is the unity of the people during a national revolution. The image of the masses coming together, and the emergence of a charismatic leader are common elements of revolutionary narratives. In the Philippines, however, Rizal stood apart from this unity. While figures like Bonifacio and other revolutionaries were actively involved in the fight for freedom, Rizal chose a different path. His decision to offer his services to Spain and actively work against the revolution isolated him from the Filipino people who sought to liberate themselves from colonial rule. Despite his opposition to the revolution, Jose Rizal's influence on the Philippines cannot be understated. His works, including "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," served as powerful catalysts for awakening national consciousness. Rizal's writings exposed the injustices and abuses of the colonial system, inspiring Filipinos to seek change. Even though he disapproved of the revolutionary methods employed by others, Rizal's words and ideas were instrumental in shaping the nation's desire for freedom. Rizal's legacy is a testament to the power of peaceful resistance and intellectual dissent. His emphasis on education, enlightenment, and reforms "from above" left an indelible mark on the Philippine struggle for independence. While the revolutionary leaders fought for freedom with arms, Rizal fought with the power of ideas, literature, and non-violent protest. The passage and Jose Rizal's life invite us to reconsider our understanding of national heroes and revolutionaries. Rizal's complex role in the Philippine Revolution challenges the conventional narrative of the hero leading a successful armed struggle. His legacy reminds us that the fight for freedom can take many forms, including the battle of ideas and the pursuit of peaceful change. In the end, Rizal's impact on the Philippines was profound, even though it diverged from the typical image of a revolutionary leader. His story underscores the diversity of paths to national liberation and the enduring influence of those who champion change through different means.
Renato Constantino published a book in 1975 about the history during the colonial period of the Philippines, named "The Philippines: A Past Revisited". It told the stories of 'saviors' who tried to save Filipinos from the colonizers. It detailed all of the heinous killings, abuses, harassments, and injustices endured by Filipinos during the country's independence struggle. Renato Constantino's work presented the interpretations of the existing books he could find as he consumed a vast amount of time to gather all the trusted and reliable findings in the books. In fact, "The Philippines: A Past Revisited" is one of Constantino's outstanding works and has received high praise and an enormous reputation in the nation. The author, Renato Constantino, was a researcher and historian who sought to reassess colonial history. He never failed to account for all of the Philippines' past issues and address them by speaking with his Filipino perspective, which I believe everyone should have, and the knowledge he possesses with narratively informative details. He is recognized as one of the country's most significant writers of the 20th century, known for being part of the leftist tradition of Philippine historiography. As a matter of fact, he wrote numerous pamphlets and monographs in around 30 books. Among those works, this book is one of the best-known, along with the continuing past. He dedicated his life to promoting social fairness, democratic rights, real nationhood, and our sovereignty as a nation. Renato, as a scholar, did his part in teaching us how to reexamine our colonial history, correct it, and take lessons from the past. To help us Filipinos in our quest for true nationhood, he wanted us to have a constructive recollection of our past. His mission has always been to advocate for a correct understanding of Filipino history so that we can gain an understanding and gain insights into current issues. Like Rizal, Constantino sees history as a tool for the Filipino people's freedom. In this book, Constantino continues the work he started in his earlier books by taking an entirely new look at the entire Filipino history before World War II. Why should you study history? (n.d.). Department of History.
This article traces the provenance and the multiple layers of meaning, as well as the contradictions encoded, in the word filibustero from its origins among pirates in the Caribbean in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the American military adventurers in the nineteenth century, whose complex politics intersected with proindependence Cuban exiles. This history illumines the word’s specific meaning as it entered the Philippines before 1872. At the same time, filibustero can be linked to the Manilamen, natives of the Spanish Philippines who worked as international seafarers, who became involved in mercenary activities, especially in Shanghai. This seaborne genealogy contextualizes the analysis of the filibustero in José Rizal’s second novel.
Ashley Jane Fortit, 2021
An Alternative View of the Philippine History by Amado Guerrero provides another historical view about the Philippines and discusses how the puppet regime entered the Philippines.
A transoceanic comparative study of Caribbean modernista and Filipino propagandista essays and poetry written between 1880-1910, contextualized by Spain’s loss of its final colonies in 1898. The works studied show the development of a new, regional and national consciousness and reveal the authors’ responses to modernization, highlighting the political, cultural, social, and economic tensions of that time period aesthetically and socio-culturally. In the struggle for active participation in the production of knowledge and power, justice, and national identity, both Latin American and Filipino cultural and ideological production came from autonomous agents that confronted, negotiated, and initiated their own responses to the colonizing and modernizing projects.
Philippine Studies, 1998
Cet article analyse la formation de l'ideologie nationaliste aux Philippines au cours du XIX e siecle. Les travaux historiques de Constantino et Agoncillo ont largement contribue a la meilleure comprehension de la construction du mouvement nationaliste sans offrir cependant la place qui revenait a la figure de Jose Rizal. L'A. analyse le role de Rizal et ses relations avec l'oligarchie locale ; il propose aussi une reflexion sur le concept d'hegemonie oppose a celui de nationalisme populaire ainsi qu'une critique des sources jusqu'alors utilisees sur cette periode historique.
2022
is a book on colonization, revolutions, and, most significantly, the sufferings of the people that sparked the uprisings of Filipinos to rebel against their oppressors and colonizers. The book has a great deal of comprehensive information regarding colonization, and it's also highly illuminating about how revolutions were initiated. Additionally, rather than only telling the tales of the heroes we are familiar with, the sufferings of the masses who fuel the revolutions were given the chance to be revealed. With the help of his family and colleagues, Renato Constantino authored A Past Revisited. Renato Constantino was committed to correcting the erroneous history or heresy of foreign historians. The Philippines, Filipinos, and upcoming generations all stand to gain greatly from Renato's research. Renato also emphasized the viewpoint of the masses who experience injustice in our nation. Constantino has been a prolific writer and journalist since he was a small child. producing articles frequently critical of historical erroneousness and political leaders. Since then, he has argued in favor of changing how we perceive the past so that we can better comprehend our current issues. One of his two volumes, "The Philippines: A Past Revisited," which was published in 1974, tries to correct our skewed understanding of history. It is Constantino's effort to make a significant contribution to Philippine
Philippine Studies, 2008
Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University.
2019
''Touch Me Not': A Grasp on Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere' is a book review of Far Eastern University (FEU) Manila Literature majors, Anjelica Feliz Dueñas and Prince Thomas Siñel written in December 9, 2019. It was a final requirement from their course Survey of the Philippine Literature and which contains Introduction, Summary, Analysis, and Conclusion. It was with nationalistic love that this book review was published in the Rizal Day of 2019.
2016
This project analyzes the literary works and role of Filipino nationalist Jose Rizal before, during, and after the Spanish American War of 1898. Rizal’s social activism and writing sparked a revolution against the Friarocracy in the Philippines. He has also influenced Filipino American writers who reference Rizal’s construction of the Filipino woman in Christianity and Filipinos’ fighting against oppression. Thus, the primary focus of this project is to look at Rizal’s works through an interstitial lens showing how Filipino Spanish identity was created then and how it has informed contemporary ideas about intersecting social identities. The project does this by analyzing how historical figures such as Spaniards Unamuno and W.E. Retana have constructed Rizal as the quintessential Filipino Spaniard of the Philippines. The project also analyzes Rizal’s writing such as his two novels: Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo . This analysis is supported through a synthesis of reading and w...
Renato Constantino's book show's some major detailed events and mistakes in the Philippine history. He examine into detail the despotism of Filipinos from the beginning until 1941, as well as the struggle of individuals like himself to get rid of Spanish and American prejudices about Filipinos. Renato Constantino also known as the young nationalist. "Tato" a Filipinohistorian, he is known for being part
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