Migration and human capital

2006

Contents migrants' positive impact on society and the resources used to educate them. Migrants are likely to suffer from the separation from family, friends, and culture, and from the lack of effective legal protection. Costs for destination countries include the perceived threat to cultural identity and the effect of migrants' competition for the same jobs as natives. Given the complexity of the issues, great care must be taken before making judgments and policy decisions in this area, and it is essential that any actions be preceded by extensive data collection and rigorous analysis. This book provides both data and analysis, and it tackles two sets of issues. Part I analyzes the determinants and impacts of migration and remittances on different measures of development and welfare, such as poverty, education, health, housing, entrepreneurship, school attendance, and child labor. Part II focuses on questions regarding the so-called "brain drain." It provides the largest dataset to date on the brain drain and examines the issues of brain gain, brain waste, and migrants' contribution to technological progress in destination countries. Migration is a complex and dynamic process that changes the migrants' home and destination countries and, of course, the migrants themselves. It is a global phenomenon, and dialogue between destination and source countries, migrant communities, and international organizations is critical for finding successful solutions to the myriad of problems we face in this area. There are many questions waiting to be answered about the migration and remittance issues; I hope this volume will stimulate additional research, whether by utilizing the new datasets or building on the research presented here.

2009

This paper reviews the relationship between international migration and human development. First, it reviews what we know about the factors that drive migration from developing to developed countries. Second, it reviews existing knowledge about the impact of international migration and remittances on the economic and human development of migrants' source countries. These first two sections of the paper are accompanied by an assessment of the gaps in our knowledge that need to be filled with further research.

SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014

Revista Tecnológica ESPOL, 2022

This comprehensive brief identifies a range of key contemporary challenges for human rights, development, and governance of international migration as an all-encompassing human, social, economic, political, and environmental phenomena. It premises that migration is fundamentally about development, human rights, and social welfare, showing that labour and skills mobility is key to sustaining viability of labour forces and economies and to obtaining return on capital in a globalized economy. It notes that over 90 percent of migration today results in employment and economic activity outcomes. Sustaining development in all regions depends on migration. The article discusses the structural and systemic imperatives for mobility of people worldwide and it identifies 20 law, policy and practical challenges for economic and social development, human rights, welfare of people, and for governance. The article reiterates the comprehensive international legal framework for governance of migration and reviews especially relevant global policy frameworks: the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and the New Urban Agenda. Discussion addresses abusive exploitation of migrants versus lacuna in legal protection; contentions between capital and labour in deregulation impacting migrant workers; dangers of xenophobia; gender specificity in migration; restrictions in access to social security for migrants; challenges to social and family welfare; growing skills and training constraints, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and often inappropriate response measures. The trend of regime change towards deregulatory migration control is raised, with mention of concerns on the Global Compact on Migration. A comprehensive Agenda for Action outlines policy lines and practical actions for rights-based, economically sustainable, and socially responsible governance of migration. This article and Summary: Introduction; Methodology; A Context Review of Key Features of International Migration; Main Law, Policy and Practical Challenges and In Conclusion: an imperative Agenda for Action.

Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 2013

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012

Migration is one of the most serious issues of economy and society. For this reason, the 2009 Global Human Development Report focuses on the issues of migration and human development. According to the report, many people migrate from their hometown to other regions for survival or better life opportunities. Within this context, this study aims to explore whether human development or the factors (income, education and health) which determine human development play a role in international migration flows, and whether migrants find an opportunity to increase their human development levels. In line with this aim, the direction of international migration flows was analyzed having compared both the 2011 human development indexes of the countries which compose the 27 biggest migration corridors as of 2010 and the main components of the human development index, which are health index, education index and income index. According to the results of the study, migrants move to more developed regions in terms of human development and among the factors which determine human development in terms of migration the most important ones are respectively income or education and health. Therefore, the removal of obstacles before international migration is considered to play a great role in the increase of human development or global welfare.

Applied Economics, 2018

The paper explores differences in human capital between the Israel-born and immigrants within the Jorgenson and Fraumeni model. Using a unique 'imputed education' method, the study answers whether the immigrants' level of education, in fact, reflects their human capital. The results show that immigrants during their first years do not work in an occupation that fits their education; this holds their estimated human capital below that of the Israel-born. Over the years, the gap between immigrants and non-immigrants in per-capita human capital contracted from 30 percent to 14 percent on average, or, using the imputation method, from 23 percent to 9 percent. In addition, the gaps between the immigrants and nonimmigrants and those between original education and imputed education contract at higher education levels. Some immigrants were able to find an occupation that matched their education and to integrate into the local job market, and the per-capita human capital of immigrants and nonimmigrants converged.

2006

This project focuses on a significant theme within current public and academic debates, namely the balance between international migration and national development. This topic will be analysed from the perspective of the countries of origin, with an emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa and includes South-North and South-South migration as well. During the last decades, one outcome of ever-increasing global time-space convergence, has been a considerable increase in the rate of growth of the world's migrant population. There is every indication that this is just the beginning of a trend that will most likely accelerate in the 21st century, driven by rapid declines in fertility in the more economically advanced regions, higher rates of urbanisation, technological change, and the forces of economic integration and globalisation, as well as chronic poverty in the more marginal regions. According to the ILO, there are roughly 20 million migrant workers, immigrants and members of their families across Africa, 18 million in North America, 12 million in Central and South America, 7 million in South and East Asia, 9 million in the Middle East and 30 million throughout Europe. Western Europe alone is home to approximately 9 million economically active foreigners. This project-which to a certain extent is a follow up of a book project on international migration and development to be published in 2007-focuses on achieving a better understanding of the implications of international migration from the perspective of the sending countries (with an emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa). Nowadays national governments of numerous countries of origin are actively involved in optimizing the link between international migration and (national) development. In addition to having to deal with (new types of) migration flows, national governments as well as also sections of civil society are increasingly involved in 'engaging diasporas as agents for development' (IOM 2005). Nationals living abroad are increasingly encouraged to support development or post-conflict reconstruction in their countries of origin. The aims of this project are to explore (1) current perceptions-as seen from the perspective of the countries of origin-of the links between international migration and national development, and (2) current trends in policy making aimed at minimizing the negative effects, while optimizing the development impact. Various multi-faced angles and perspectives are explored with the help of the following questions: What is the view of sending countries with respect to the rapid outmigration of skilled and unskilled labor? What is the perception of sending countries about the advantages and disadvantages of temporary and/or circular migration in comparison to 'permanent' migration? What is their perception about return migration and how is this linked to national development? What are the implications of international migration for national development and poverty reduction strategies (as reflected in PRSPs)? How is migration perceived from the regional perspective (ECOWAS, etc.) and what kind of initiatives are currently underway to optimise the