Insight into Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology

2008

2013

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is considered to be one of the main options for reducing global CO2 emissions. However, the development of CCS technology faces many challenges. CO2 capture is still very energy intensive and development is needed to bring costs down. Also, CO2 needs to be transported to a suitable storage site for secure and permanent storage. Although CCS technology has not yet been implemented at a full-scale power plant, several demonstration projects are underway in the world. The report gives an overview of the work carried out in the Carbon Capture and Storage Program (CCSP) R&D program during 2011–2013. The R&D program is coordinated by CLEEN Ltd. with funding from Tekes – the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation. The objective for CCSP is to develop CCS-related technologies and concepts, leading to essential pilots and demonstrations by the end of the program. A further objective is to create a strong scientific basis for the development of C...

Combating climate change by mitigation of release of the anthropogenic greenhouse gases has attracted worldwide attention towards research and policy formulations. One such approach is the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide, known as Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a large scale solution to climate change, consider to have significant potential on curbing CO2 emissions. Fossil fuels will continue to be our main energy source for decades to come, and CCS can contribute with as much as 55% of the emissions reductions needed to stabilize climate change at an average of +2oC. Industry is already exploring various CCS technologies. This paper will firstly discuss examples of various CO2 capture technologies currently in use and in development. It will also discuss various industrial sources and sequestration options. This paper also presents the technological advancement to CCS i.e. carbon recycling, which is the electro-reduction of carbon dioxide (ERC), which aims to take CO2 directly from industrial waste gases and convert it to formate salts and/or formic acid; both valu¬able chemicals used in a variety of industrial applications. CCS is, however, suffering from a lack of maturity in terms of frame conditions, technology, economy, infrastructure and common acceptance criteria. A key factor is development and implementation of a regulatory framework that allows a market and business to emerge, depending on financial incentives through various mitigation policies and mechanisms. The framework for CO2 storage should require an integrated risk management throughout the life cycle of a CCS project, i.e. from initial site selection, design and construction, operation including monitoring, reporting and verification, up to closure and post-closure requirements. The paper will address these uncertainties and risks more in depth. The viability of a carbon capture and sequestration industry will also be dependent upon the costs of capturing CO2 from industrial and natural sources. This raises the question: what are the potential costs of capturing industrial CO2? A source-to-sink analysis (Literature Survey) was done to estimate the total cost of capturing and transporting CO2 from a variety of industrial sources to potential sequestration sites. These include concentrated sources, such as ammonia and ethanol plants, as well as less-concentrated sources including power plants. The considered sequestration sites include value options such as enhanced oil and gas recovery projects, pressure maintenance in gas reservoirs, as well as sequestration in saline aquifers, depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and other geologic media. This paper hence will provide estimates of CO2 pipeline transportation costs at various distances between sources and sinks. Finally, the paper will discuss the total estimated cost, inclusive of capture, compression, and transportation, at which the CO2 can be sold to operators of enhanced oil recovery projects or other industries which could utilize the CO2. This analysis concluded that CO2 can be captured and transported approximately 100 miles at costs ranging between $1 and $3.50 per thousand cubic feet.

Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2011

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assumes the warming of the climate system, associating the increase of global average temperature to the observed increase of the anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is considered the most important GHG, due to the dependence of world economies on fossil fuels, since their combustion processes are the most important sources of this gas. CO 2 concentrations are increasing in the last decades mainly due to the increase of anthropogenic emissions. The processes involving CO 2 capture and storage is gaining attention on the scientific community as an alternative for decreasing CO 2 emission, reducing its concentration in ambient air. However, several technological, economical and environmental issues as well as safety problems remain to be solved, such as the following needs: increase of CO 2 capture efficiency, reduction of process costs, and verification of environmental sustainability of CO 2 storage. This paper aims to review the recent developments (from 2006 until now) on the carbon capture and storage (CCS) methodologies. Special attention was focused on the basic findings achieved in CCS operational projects.

Energy & Environmental Science, 2018

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is vital to climate change mitigation, and has application across the economy, in addition to facilitating atmospheric carbon dioxide removal resulting in emissions offsets and net negative emissions. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art and identifies key challenges which must be overcome in order to pave the way for its large-scale deployment.

Energy Procedia, 2009

Energy & Environmental Science, 2014

In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions of CO 2 from reaching the atmosphere. Gas, coal (and biomass)-fired power stations can respond to changes in demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production, hence the importance of retaining them as an option in the energy mix. Here, we review the leading CO 2 capture technologies, available in the short and long term, and their technological maturity, before discussing CO 2 transport and storage. Current pilot plants and demonstrations are highlighted, as is the importance of optimising the CCS system as a whole. Other topics briefly discussed include the viability of both the capture of CO 2 from the air and CO 2 reutilisation as climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the economic and legal aspects of CCS.

2009