РАЗВИТИЕ ПЕРФЕКТА И ОТРИЦАНИЕ В ДРЕВНЕ- И СРЕДНЕАНГЛИЙСКОМ

462 year B.C is an outstanding and historical date for the history of humanity because in this year in one of the most significant city-states of Greece, particularly in Athens the democracy was born, not just as a form of state government, but also as a word. The prerequisites for formation of democracy had been existing in Greece before, because Solon, Cleisthenes and other Greek rulers had implemented reforms as a result of which people’s rule has been strengthened, the power distribution to various state institutions has been carried out, some bureaucratic mechanisms of governance have been created, but it was only during the Pericles’s epoch when the People’s Assembly was equipped with unlimited power, not representative but direct democracy was established, within which the decisions on important public issues were made solely by People’s Assembly. That is exactly why such form of state governance was called Democracy, which literally means “rule by the people”. Any political activity, which aims to change particular state formation and establish new one, requires a leader and such function in that epoch was assumed by Pericles, though we should not forget that he has not used the power which he possessed for his own well-being and he transferred it to the People’s Assembly. Pericles did not belong to the category of such political leaders, which tend to usurp the power. Besides, it should be noted, that the self-consciousness of the population of Athens in that epoch was established in such a way that it would not allow power accumulation in one person’s hands. Pericles appears not as a ruler who manipulates on Athenians by his power and fights for his own prosperity, but as Athenians weapon for strengthening democracy and equality. We know that Pericles originated from aristocratic family and he did not lack the wealth, therefore, we can conclude, that he was indeed driven by the great idea to transform Athens social-political reality. We believe that Pericles belonged to the category of leaders with specific idea. Otherwise, he would not have tried to change political system in favor of “Demos” and based on his aristocratic origin, he would have lived in bliss within the unequal, oligarchic state that had existed before. The reforms implemented during the period of Pericles rule clearly demonstrate impartiality and objectivity of Pericles; a person who wishes to use the power for his/her own benefit would not have implemented such reforms, which empower the People’s Assembly and the Council of Five Hundred; during the Pericles rule the rule of introducing and discussing draft law in the People’s Assembly was strictly defined. The strictest control on public servants and on institutions was imposed, which meant that before taking positions they had to pass the probation period, and after the end of the term of their authority they had to submit final report to the People’s Assembly. If the Pericles has been biased, he would not have introduced such strict control mechanisms; he would have appointed his own friends and trusted persons to the leading positions who would protect his interests and not that of the citizens of Athens. It was exactly the reforms implemented by Pericles, which have revived Athens. It was during his epoch when construction of Acropolis has started, greatness of which we still enjoy nowadays. The city population increased, trade reached its development culmination. In 451 year B.C based on Pericles initiative the People’s Assembly adopted a law, according to which a citizen of Athens was considered to be not a person who had just Athenian father but a person whose both parents were the citizens of Athens. He adopted this law so that he could know the exact number of the citizens of Athens in order to avoid unreasonable wasting of the benefits and privileges intended for the citizens. This reform caused decrease of number of the citizens of Athens, thus big budget savings, which enabled Athenians to start grandiose construction works. He has not used the saved amounts for his own well-being.

Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology

Статья посвящена анализу семантики перфекта на материале выборки из корпуса ранненововерхненемецких текстов. Демонстрируются примеры, которые указывают на то, что перфект, используемый в нарративных пассажах, можно рассматривать как нарративный перфект. В поздних ранненововерхненемецких текстах фиксируется функциональное отклонение в употреблении нарративного перфекта, что может свидетельствовать о дальнейшей эволюции семантики немецкого перфекта в сторону претерита. Поскольку аористический дрейф прежде всего наблюдается в перфекте, используемом в диалогической речи с актуальным моментом речи, что хронологически ранее чем наблюдаемые изменения в нарративном перфекте, выдвигается гипотеза, в соответствии с которой изменение в семантике нарративного перфекта является вторичным явлением, не оказывающим влияние на общую эволюцию семантики перфекта в данный период.

ОТ РОДОВОГО ОБЩЕСТВА К РАННИМ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИЯМ: ДРЕВНИЙ ЕГИПЕТ И ЗАПАДНАЯ АФРИКА, 2019

The book examines the problem of the genesis of early civilizations on the example of the civilizations of ancient Egypt and West Africa. Based on the analysis of oral and written traditions, as well as numerous monuments of architecture, visual arts and writing, the authors conclude that there is still no evidence of a direct connection between them. The book uses information obtained during fieldwork in the Dogon Country (Republic of Mali) in 2015–2018.

2017

В статье рассматриваются виды стратегии, проблемы, связанные со стратегическим планированием на современном этапе. В соответствии с этапами построения стратегии рассмотрена стратегия по повышению производительности труда на предприятии ТОО «ЦинКаз» в Казахстане. Эта компания занимается производством томатной пасты и консервирование овощной продукции. В статье проведен факторный анализ зависимости производительности труда на предприятии. На основе проведенного анализа выработаны предложения по разработке стратегии повышения производительности труда.

В статье отмечается, что в начале XX в. в Азербайджане и на Северном Кавказе мощными темпами осваивались природные ресурсы и появлялись новые города - промышленно-экономические центры. Наибольшее значение имела добыча нефти. Азербайджанские нефтяники придавали немаловажное значение Северокавказскому региону, открывая там свои предприятие. Политические события начала XX в. (Первая мировая война, революции 1905,1917 гг.) оказали влияние на темпы развития нефтяной промышленности.

Юрислингвистика, 2015

THE CONCEPT OF 'PRECEDENT' IN TRANSLATION STUDIES AND LAW В статье рассматривается понятие «прецедент» в переводоведении и праве. Понятие «прецедент» в праве характеризуется семантически устойчивыми признаками и длительностью употребления, в то время как понятие «переводческий прецедент» нельзя отнести к детально изученным. Актуальность выделения переводческого прецедента как проблемной зоны правовой лингвистики, включающей юридический перевод, обусловлена непрерывным ростом и профессионализацией двуязычной и многоязычной правовой коммуникации, в рамках которой генерируется массив словоупотреблений и терминоупотреблений, не всегда совпадающих с устоявшимися отраслевыми и, в частности, юридическими оборотами, конструкциями и фигурами речи в контактирующих юридических языках. Приводятся примеры, иллюстрирующие правомерность акцентуации данного вопроса, решение которого может потребовать дальнейших исследований правовой культуры в аспекте ее взаимодействия с правовым языком и узуальными конвенциями разных отраслей права. The article features the concept of 'precedent' in translation studies and in law. The concept of precedent in law is characterized by semantically sustainable bundle of properties and longtime usage, while the concept of 'translation precedent' cannot be said to have been thoroughly explored. The focus on the translation precedent as a distinct problem area in legal linguistics, which comprises legal translation, has been stipulated by the continuing increase in and professionalization of bilingual and multilingual legal communication. This interlingual communication is believed to generate an array of specialized lexis and technical terms of law that are lacking congruence with patterns of speech, constructions and wording formulas long established in interacting legal languages. Examples suggested are indicative of the need to emphasize the relevance of this issue whose detailed explorations can result in furthering studies in legal cultures in terms of legal-languages interaction and verification of interlingual usage conventions across various fields of law. Ключевые слова: английский юридический язык, межъязыковая профессиональная коммуникация, конвенциональный узус, переводоведение, переводческий прецедент, правовая лакуна, правовая лингвистика, русский юридический язык, язык права.

2021

Анотация: Настоящият доклад отправя поглед към бъдещето развитие на образованието, като систематизира и анализаира различни гледни точки по въпроса в стремеж да улови предварително някои очертаващи се тенденции, задаващи генералната посока. Вниманието се концентрира не само върху експресните технологични и дигитални промени, настъпили форсмажорно, но и върху новите отношения, очаквания, принципи, роли в образователната парадигма. Ключови думи: бъдеще на образованието, виртуална реалност, изкуствен интелект в образованието, Интернет на нещата, професия учител.

ПРЕДШКОЛСКО ВАСПИТАЊЕ И ОБРАЗОВАЊЕ У ПИРОТУ (1 9 2 0 -2 0 2 0, 2020

Istorija predškolskog vaspitanja i obrazovanja u Pirotu.

Вестник Брянского государственного университета. № 2, 2020

Демонстрируются свидетельства присутствия на территории Брянского Подесенья (среднее течение Десны) артефактов, связанных с катакомбной культурной общностью (среднедонская катакомбная культура) и посткатакомбной бабинской культуры (культура многоваликовой керамики). Таким образом, в относительно однородный культурный массив лесных (пра-балтских?) культур шнуровой керамики в среднем бронзовом веке с юга вклинились обитатели лесостепной и степной природных зон. Выводы сделаны по результатам типологического и пространственного анализа находок каменных топоров из фондов краеведческих музеев Брянской области. Задача археологов на настоящем этапе исследований-это поиск в установленных ареалах распространения случайных находок поселенческих, а возможно и погребальных памятников многоваликовой керамики.

Due to the rapid development of technology and changes in consumer habits, there is no doubt that only digital transformation can bring a particular business to a new level. Retail has been considered a conservative industry rather long time. However, it is revising strategy and actively implementing innovations today. Because of technology development physical stores are faced with the fact that collecting a lot of goods in one place and provide it to choose from is not as valuable to the customers as 30 or 40 years ago. Now stores are looking for ways to become more valuable for the customers, for example, allowing them to get a new digital experience..