PMON129 Pituitary Adenoma Co-Secreting GH, Prolactin and ACTH

World Neurosurgery, 2018

Introduction: Plurihormonal adenomas (PHA) represent 10-15% of all functioning pituitary adenomas. The most frequent hormonal association is represented by prolactin and growth hormone (GH). Aim: To describe a rare case of functional ACTH and GH microadenoma, together with a systematic literature review on PHA. Methods: PubMed was searched using the terms "plurihormonal pituitary adenoma", "ACTH, GH pituitary adenoma", and "Acromegaly AND Cushing's disease". Case report: A 60-year-old woman was incidentally diagnosed with a pituitary microadenoma. Endocrine assessment documented increased levels of IGF-1 and GH; ACTH and cortisol values were within normal range. Echocardiography documented ventricular hypertrophy. Due to clinical and biochemical evidence of acromegaly, surgery was recommended. Postoperatively, hormonal replacement was started because of adrenal insufficiency. Her anti-hypertensive therapy was discontinued due to evidence of normal blood pressure values. Histological examination revealed an ACTH-GH PHA with two distinct populations of secreting cells. At 3year follow-up, the patient showed stable clinical remission and was no longer on replacement therapy. In the 17 articles that were selected for literature review, only 20% (4/20) of patients presented with clinical signs of both diseases. Histologically, 19 were pituitary adenomas composed of two distinct cell populations, while only in 1 case was there evidence of a single cell producing both ACTH and GH.

Metabolism, 1996

The term "nonfunctioning'" pituitary adenomas (NFPA) implies heterogeneity, since it relies on a clinical definition that is mainly related to tumor mass. The firs t complaint is often of impaired visual function, and despite the secretion of gonadotropins, hypogonadism is frequent. NFPA must be differentiated from prolactinomas, because of the therapeutic implications, but although prolactin (PRL) levels greater than 200 ng/m/indicate prolactinoma, PRL levels of 100 to 150 ng/mL are equivoca !. An assessmen t of gonadotropin response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is of no use, but the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) test is invaluable. NFPA are monoclonal in origin, but genetic mutations data have not clarified their etiology, which remains largely unknown. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression is increased in recurrent adenomas, as is abnormality and overexpression of the protein kinase C family in aggressive tumors. Mutations of tumor-suppressor genes, such as the p53 and Rb genes, and of the metastasizing suppressor gene nm23, have been found in invasive tumors. Immunohistochemistry data confirm that most NFPA originate from gonadotroph cells; many NFPA are negative for all anterior pituitarY hormones tested, although isolated or clustered cells are often positive for glycoprotein hormones or their subunits. Silent gonadotroph and also silent growth hormone (GH) or corticotroph tumors can constitute the anatomical basis for clinical NFPA. The heterogeneity of the immunohistochemistry data is reflected in the receptor complex of these tumors. Dopaminergic receptors have recently been visualized in vivo and there are also receptors for TRH or GnRH, since levels of ~ or ~ subunits and intact gonadotropins increase after TRH or GnRH stimulation. As a result, three second-line pharmacological approaches have been tried~ dopamine agonists, octreotide, and GnRH superagonists or antagonists, with tumor shrinkage of up to 11% to 20%. However, surgery should be tried first.

Contemporary Endocrinology, 2008

Australian journal of general practice, 2021

BACKGROUND Pituitary lesions are present in >10% of the population. Approximately one in 1000 people has a symptomatic pituitary tumour, which may cause clinical problems from mass effect, hormonal hypersecretion and impairment of normal pituitary function. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to outline the potential causes of a sellar and parasellar mass, with an emphasis on the presenting clinical features and screening investigations that are applicable to doctors working in the primary care setting. DISCUSSION There is a broad range of causes of a sellar/parasellar mass. Pituitary adenomas and Rathke's cleft cysts are the most frequently encountered. Prolactinomas are the most common functioning tumour and tend to present as macroadenomas in men, while hyperprolactinaemia is associated with 15% of secondary amenorrhoea in women. Acromegaly and Cushing's disease are rare but important diagnoses to detect. Pituitary disease is optimally managed in a specialist centre i...

US endocrinology, 2008

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 2009

Giant adenomas comprise a clinical/therapeutic subset of pituitary adenomas that pose a surgical challenge. The study population consisted of 28 patients who had giant pituitary adenomas, which are defined as tumors with a diameter greater than 5 cm. Clinically, five tumors (18%) were endocrinologically functional and 23 (82%) were not. During surgery, one tumor was radically excised, four were subtotally excised, 12 were partially excised, and 11 were biopsied. All of the tumors showed typical histological features of pituitary adenoma. Of the 23 clinically non-functional adenomas, 18 were gonadotrophic tumors, four were null cell adenomas and one was a silent corticotroph adenoma. The MIB-1 labeling indices ranged from 0.1% to 2.0%. The mean topoisomerase labeling index was 0.75%. Microvessel density ranged from 0.42% to 5.55%, and there was moderately intense immunostaining for vascular endothelial growth factor. The present study found giant adenomas to be invasive but slow growing, histologically benign and often gonadotrophic in subtype.

Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research, 2017

Pituitary tumours are mostly benign tumours which constitute 10-20 % of all intracranial tumours. These may be functional (hormone secreting) or non-functional. The etiology of pituitary tumours is unknown. Incidence is common in 3 rd to 5 th decade of life with more predilection towards female. The frequency of various types of adenomas may vary according to type of hormone secretion, age and gender. Functional tumours produce clinical symptoms both because of hormonal dysregulation and mass effect while nonfunctional manifest through mass effect only. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is imaging modality of choice. Combined modality treatment is required in the management.

Journal of Clinical Pathology, 2006

The sellar region is the site of a large number of pathological entities arising from the pituitary and adjacent anatomical structures, including brain, blood vessels, nerves and meninges. The surgical pathology of this area requires the accurate identification of neoplastic lesions, including pituitary adenoma and carcinoma, craniopharyngioma, neurological neoplasms, germ cell tumours, haematological malignancies and metastases, as well as non-neoplastic lesions such as cysts, hyperplasias and inflammatory disorders. This review provides a practical approach to the diagnosis of pituitary specimens that are sent to the pathologist at the time of surgery. The initial examination requires routine haematoxylin and eosin staining to establish whether the lesion is a primary adenohypophysial proliferation or one of the many other pathologies that occurs in this area. The most common lesions resected surgically are pituitary adenomas. These are evaluated with several special stains and immunohistochemical markers that are now available to accurately classify these pathologies. The complex subclassification of pituitary adenomas is now recognised to reflect specific clinical features and genetic changes that predict targeted treatments for patients with pituitary disorders.

European Journal of Endocrinology, 2006

To our knowledge, only one case of a TSH-secreting carcinoma has previously been reported. We describe here a second patient with a pituitary carcinoma producing TSH and prolactin (PRL). A 37-year-old male underwent a left frontotemporal craniotomy in 1996 for a sellar mass. Except for mildly increased PRL and elevated a-subunit, hormone evaluation was normal. Pathologic examination revealed a chromophobe adenoma with increased mitotic forms. The patient completed a course of external beam radiation to the pituitary and was prescribed L-thyroxine, bromocriptine, and hydrocortisone. He was lost to follow-up but did well for 6 years, until 2002, when he presented with TSH-dependent thyrotoxicosis and hyperprolactinemia. The patient was started on bromocriptine and propylthiouracil and was, again, lost to follow-up. In 2004, 9 years after his initial presentation, he presented after falling. Magnetic resonance imaging showed two brain masses with associated midline shift. Emergent resection of the larger mass revealed a pituitary cancer with positive staining for PRL, but not for TSH. Nine months later, the patient underwent further debulking of metastatic disease. Although development of a carcinoma from a pituitary adenoma is very rare (,0.5%), macroadenomas that become hormonally active should be suspect for transformation into pituitary cancer.

The Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2020

Objective: Most of the acromegaly cases are caused by growth hormonesecreting pituitary adenoma. Pituitary adenomas are classified histologically into sparsely granulated adenoma (SGA) and densely granulated adenoma (DGA). SGAs have been reported to elicit a more aggressive clinical course and therapy resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical subtype of patients with pituitary adenoma and their relationship with the clinical course of the disease. Material and Methods: In the period between 2000 and 2016, about 40 (F21, M19) patients with acromegaly who were diagnosed and operated for pituitary adenoma at our university hospital were included in this study. The medical history of patients, duration of the disease, and comorbidities were assessed. Based on current guidelines for acromegaly management, we determined the serum growth hormone [with 75 g "oral glucose tolerance test" (OGTT)], insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels, as well as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland. Immunohistochemical staining of postoperative tissue materials and subtypes of pituitary adenomas were evaluated by an experienced cytopathologist. Results: Of the 40 acromegaly patients included in the study, 25 patients were evaluated as sparsely granulated and the remaining 15 patients were evaluated as densely granulated. The mean age of SG adenomas (40.6±9.7 vs. 48.6±5.7, p=0.04) was significantly lower. At the first visit, 64% of SG adenomas were macroadenoma while only 35% of DG adenomas were macroadenoma and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.43). SG adenomas' pre-treatment GH, IGF1 values (29.2 ng/mL, 800 ng/mL versus 8.4 ng/mL, 445 ng/mL, p=0.02) and post-treatment GH, IGF1 values (4.1 ng/mL, 440 ng/mL versus 0.4 ng/mL, 152 ng/mL, p=0.03) were significantly higher. While endocrine remission is more common in DG adenomas; organomegaly, abnormal echocardiographic findings (left ventricular hypertrophy) and multinodular goiter were more common in SG adenomas. Malignancy (renal cell Ca, thyroid Ca, larynx Ca) was detected in four patients and histopathological diagnosis of these patients was detected as SG adenoma. Conclusion: The immunohistochemical subtype of the pituitary adenoma may have the potential to affect the clinical course and therapy of acromegaly. SGA is more prone to cavernous sinus invasion, comorbidity and resistance to therapy. Carcinogenesis associated with malignancy was more common in patients with SGA. However, further studies are needed to confirm our findings.