Prevalence and Risk Factors of Kidney Stone

International journal of health sciences

Renal stone is a common condition affecting human beings of both genders and all age groups worldwide. Their presentation vary from unilateral loin region pain to nausea vomiting, to burning micturation or even haematuria. Patient profile of renal stone disease differs from one geographical region to another. Therefore this prospective observational study was conducted inDattaMeghe medical college, Wanadongri, Nagpur to find out patient characteristics of this region. 100 patients were included in the study. 82% patients were females most of whom were housewives. 48% patients belonged to the age group 41-60 years. Most common presentation was left sided flank pain. CT scan and USG abdomen were equally accurate in determining the size of the renal stone. Most of the females were managed conservatively whereas most males required intervention like URS or PCNL for their treatment.

BMC Urology

Background The prevalence of kidney stones in the world is increasing and environmental factors seem to play a major role in this issue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of risk factors of kidney stones in the adult population of Rafsanjan city based on the data of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). Methods In the baseline phase of this study, 10,000 people aged 35 to 70 years are enrolled in the RCS, as one of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran. From this population, 9932 participants completed related demographic questionnaires as well as reported a history of diabetes mellitus, kidney stone, and hypertension diseases. The obtained data were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistics regression. Results According to the obtained results, 46.54% of the studied population were male and 53.46% were female. The mean age of the participants was 49.94 ± 9.56 years. 2392 people accounting for 24.08% of the population had kidn...

2021

Background: Renal stone is a multifactorial disease with major risk factors of genetic, demographic, environmental, diet, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study was conducted to determine the role of diet in renal stone disease and to identify the disease risk factors.Methods: A case control study was conducted among renal stone patients attending a tertiary hospital, East Delhi, India. Data collection was done using a questionnaire for demographic profle and food frequency questionnaire. Daily intake of calories, proteins, carbohydrates, calcium, oxalate, fber, and salts were determined between cases and controls.Results: The mean age was 34.4 years and the median energy intake was 1176.43 kcal/day. Daily median consumption of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and fber among patients with renal stone was 233.96, 47.20, 10.16, and 6.37 g, respectively. Almost 90% of patients had calcium intake of overweight patients and the protein, potassium, and calcium consumption was higher among...

Acta medica Iranica, 2022

Increasing number of patients with kidney stones is a major worldwide concern that needs more attention for recognizing the disease in order to set up suitable prevention systems. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence and related risk factors of kidney stones in our local area (Isfahan, Iran). In 2011, we celebrated World Kidney Day (WKD) with several training programs for informing people about kidney diseases. A questionnaire containing demographic data, past medical history, and familial and self-history of kidney disease was fulfilled by each individual who participated in WKD. Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were also measured using standard methods. Statistical analysis with SPSS-20 software was done. 556 participants with a mean age of 44.69±15.32 were included in the study, of which 107 cases (19.2%) with a mean age of 50.24±12.33 had a kidney stone, and 449 cases (80.8%) with a mean age of 44.69±15.32 had no history of kidney stone. There were no significant differences between those with and without kidney stones regarding sex (P=0.176), type of daily work (P=0.91), diabetes mellitus (P=0.64), and place of living (urban versus rural) (P=0.92) and BMI (P=0.26). However, there were differences between groups regarding age (P˂0.001), Hypertension (HTN) (P=001), Cardiovascular disease (CVD) (P=0.02), and familial history of kidney stone (P˂0.001). Out of 107 patients with kidney stones, the mean number of urinary excretion of stones was 2.56±2.98. We found a greater prevalence of kidney stones in our local area compared with data from other research studies. Despite some previous studies, comparison of people with and without kidney stones did not reveal differences in the prevalence of DM, type of daily work (low activity versus high activity), and obesity but differences in the field of HTN and CVD were seen.

Journal of Human Ecology, 2011

Dietary habits of one hundred and thirty kidney stone patients from various hospitals of Palampur of Kangra District in Himachal Pradesh, North India were studied. Majority of the patients were non-vegetarian (60 per cent) and many of them (40 per cent) were consuming more salted foods. Water consumption amount revealed that majority (59.23 per cent) of the patients were consuming 1000 ml of water per day. Frequency of consumption of foodstuffs revealed that it varied from weekly to rarely for most of the items from various selected categories.

Anthropological Review

Kidney stone disease is one of the most common urologic disorders worldwide. The incidence of kidney stones disease is increasing all over the world. It is a multifactorial disease accompanied by various factors. The dietary factor is one of the most important risk factors for the formation and recurrence of kidney stone disease. Formation and recurrence of kidney stone disease can be prevented by modifying our day to day dietary habits. Fewer intakes of animal protein, higher intake of fluid, higher intake of fruits, and higher intake of green leafy vegetables, which contain a low amount of oxalate, can prevent the formation of kidney stones and recurrence of kidney stones. From this review, it may be presumed that the higher prevalence rate of kidney stone disease in northeast India may be the dietary factors accompanied by environmental and climatic conditions of the region.

To investigate the effect of Age, Income, Sex, Residential status and Ethnicity on the prevalence of kidney stones in the patients visiting Nishtar Hospital Multan.

2016

Background: There are many reports regarding renal stone disease, which have documented that it is a complex disease process and widely distributed in developed as well as developing world with varied chemical constitution of these stones in relation to a varied risk factors. The present study was designed to qualitatively investigate the chemical constitution of the renal stones in the rural population of South Solapur, Maharashtra and also to study the dietary habits and water used for drinking purpose in renal stone patients. Method: The study was conducted on a total of 130 renal stone patients, comprising 90 males and 40 females, selected from Results: The analysis of chemical composition of renal stones showed that all the analysed stones were of different types. Carbonate was predominantly present (96.1%) which was followed by uric acid (94.6%), calcium (92.3%), phosphate (83.8%), oxalate (52.3%), ammonia (44.6%) and cystine (23.0%). The relative frequency of urolithiasis was more (67.6%) in patients who used ground water for drinking purpose as well as in those with a non-vegetarian diet (73.8%). Conclusion: The study concludes that simple qualitative chemical analysis helps us to evaluate chemical composition of renal stones and serves as a reliable diagnostic marker. Thus it can be useful in advising people for taking preventive measures.

Introduction: Kidney stones can be formed by the precipitation or crystallization of minerals and urinary constituents. It is a common problem worldwide manifested with recurrent intermittent pain episodes, surgical interventions, medication consumption which affect the quality of life of the patients. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of kidney stone disease among patients admitted to Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). Also, to determine the characteristics of stones, sociodemo-graphic, and comorbid conditions. Subjects and methods: The study was a retrospective cross-sectional study design. A list of all patients admitted to HUSM for five years (January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2016) was retrieved. The statistical analysis included the calculation of descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test of normality, and Mann–Whitney U test to compare medians. Results: The prevalence of patients with kidney stones disease was 1.8% among patients admitted to HUSM. Male patients were more than females with a ratio of 1.35:1, the majority of patients were of Malay ethnicity (91.1%, n = 133). There was poor documentation about the physicochemical properties of the kidney stones. The treatment of kidney stones was individualized between patients according to their cases, shockwave lithotripsy was the most prevalent mode of treatment among patients (45%, n = 67). Conclusions: Future national studies are needed to better assess the scope of the disease epidemiological measures, and to determine kidney stone formation pattern in the Malaysian population. As healthcare provision that copes with the significance of the disease will assure better outcomes.

The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2018

Background: nephrolithiasis is an extremely common disorder in Saudi Arabia. Certain dietary changes and practices can influence the development of renal stones. Aim of the work: the aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness about the symptoms and proper diet of renal stones among general population of Albaha city in Saudi Arabia. Methods: a questionnaire was distributed among the general public in Albaha City, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was consisted of two sections: section 1 included personal data and section 2 explored the awareness and knowledge about the most common symptoms and complications of renal stones. Results: 417 participants were recruited. Most of the respondents were females, aged between 34 to 49 years, married and had high education. About one third of respondents had previous information about renal stones. Nearly half the respondents recognized only one risk factor and only one identified all the eight factors listed (0.2%). There was lack of knowledge about some symptoms and false beliefs about some foods (fish and sea food, greens and spinach). Conclusion: some misconceptions were revealed about risk factors and symptoms of renal stones. There was a lack of sufficient knowledge about the role of diet in medical management of renal stones. Educational programs should focus on these points of defect in knowledge and attitude. We recommended providing the health information concerning renal stone disease through the Internet (being the source of information used by most participants) and ensuring the inclusion of these information in the routine instructions and health education of patients.

Reviews in urology, 2010

The prevalence and incidence of nephrolithiasis is reported to be increasing across the world. Herein, we review information regarding stone incidence and prevalence from a global perspective. A literature search using PubMed and Ovid was performed to identify peer-reviewed journal articles containing information on the incidence and prevalence of kidney stones. Key words used included kidney stone prevalence, incidence, and epidemiology. Data were collected from the identified literature and sorted by demographic factors and time period. A total of 75 articles were identified containing kidney stone-related incidence or prevalence data from 20 countries; 34 provided suitable information for review. Data regarding overall prevalence or incidence for more than a single time period were found for 7 countries (incidence data for 4 countries; prevalence data for 5 countries). These included 5 European countries (Italy, Germany, Scotland, Spain, and Sweden), Japan, and the United States....

Journal of Indian Anthropological Society, 2019

Kidney Stone formation is one of the important health problems affecting populations worldwide. Medical reports suggest that the incidence of kidney stone disease is very high in Manipur. Thus, the present study aims to determine the public awareness of kidney stone disease and its prevalence rate among the youths of Manipur. Information on knowledge and attitude on Kidney Stone Disease (KSD) were collected from a total sample of 119 of both sexes through questionnaire after taking prior consent. The result shows that the prevalence of kidney stone disease was 15.13%, which is very high compared to other states of India. 89.07% of the participants were aware that certain diets can prevent kidney stone disease. 76.47% and 72.26% of the participants, respectively were aware that increased intake of salty food and red meat may lead to KSD. 84.03% of the participants were aware that increased intake of water decreases the formation of kidney stone. The participants reported radiology (76.47%) as the most chosen technique for detection of kidney stone and urologist (57.14%) as the most chosen physician for the consultation of kidney stone disease. Overall, the study shows that the participants were somewhat acquainted about the prevention, mode of diagnosis and symptoms of kidney stone disease. Since the incidence of KSD is increasing, an in-depth study based on a large population is required as a public health measure.

2021

To compare urinary stone composition patterns in different populations around the world in relation to the structure of their population, dietary habits, and climate. 1204 adult patients with urolithiasis and stone analysis was included . International websites were searched to obtain data. We observed 710(59%) patients with calcium oxalate, 31(1%) calcium phosphate, 161(13%) mixed calcium oxalate/calcium phosphate, 15(1%) carbapatite, 110(9%) uric acid, 7(<1%) urate, 100(9%) mixed uric acid/ calcium oxalate, 56(5%) struvite and 14(1%) cystine stones. Calcium stones were the most common in all countries (up to 91%) with the highest rates in Canada and China. Oxalate stones were more common than phosphate or mixed phosphate/oxalate stones except Egypt and India. The rate of uric acid stones, being higher in Egypt, India, Pakistan, Iraq, Poland, and Bulgaria. Struvite stones occurred in less than 5% except India (23%) and Pakistan (16%). Cystine stones occurred in 1%. The frequency...

2018

Background: Nephrolithiasis, commonly called kidney stones, is a growing pandemic. In industrialised countries, it is estimated that prevalence ranges between 4% and 20%. The aetiology and pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis is complex and multifactorial. Despite of these facts, limited information is available on a range of factors concerning the condition in sub-Saharan Africa. On consideration of several factors including climatic conditions and the number of positive diagnosis of kidney stones at the main referral laboratory (an average of 15 cases per day); it can be asserted that nephrolithiasis is a significant problem in the country Eritrea. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate kidney stone composition and potential risk factors in patients presenting with nephrolithiasis at Orotta Referral Hospital. Methods and Materials: This was a cross-sectional matched case-control study. The study cohort consisted of 154 nephrolithiasis patients, meeting a pre-set criterion. Pr...

Women’s Health Bulletin, 2019

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a worldwide health problem. Objectives: This study investigated the frequency of urinary and serum metabolic abnormalities and their association with demographic characteristics in patients with nephrolithiasis. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 376 patients with nephrolithiasis who referred to Motahari Medical Center, Shiraz from March 2017 to June 2017. Patients' history, 24-hour urine analysis (for volume, calcium, uric acid, sodium, citrate, phosphate, and oxalate), and serum tests (for calcium, uric acid, and parathyroid hormone) were recorded in a data gathering sheet. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The most common abnormality was a low volume of 24-hour urine (< 2000 mL), (73.7%), followed by hypercalciuria (23.9%), and hyperoxaluria (19.4%). Low 24-hour urine volume was more frequent in women (80.0% vs. 64.3%, P < 0.001), while hypercalciuria (37.0% vs. 18.3%, P < 0.001), and hyperphosphaturia (6.0% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.03) were more frequent in men. Moreover, hypercalciuria was more frequent in outdoor workers (39.7% vs. 21.1%, P = 0.003), whereas low urine volume was more frequent in indoor workers (79.0% vs. 61.1%, P = 0.006). Metabolic abnormalities were not different in terms of patients' family history. Conclusions: Multiple factors affect the frequency and type of nephrolithiasis. Since these parameters are also influenced by race, culture, and dietary habits; thus each region must determine its own demographic features of renal stone. Based on our results, women had lower urine volume and higher urine citrate than men. Moreover, water intake is one of the most important factors that correlate with renal stone formation.