Speaking and Speaking Proficiency

Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 2004

This chapter reviews research and practice in six main areas relevant to the teaching of speaking: (1) the growing influence of spoken corpora, (2) the debates concerning native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) models for spoken pedagogy, (3) the issue of authenticity in spoken materials, (4) approaches to understanding speaking in the classroom, (5) the selection of texts and aspects of spoken language for the teaching of speaking, and (6) developments in materials and methods for the teaching of speaking. Spoken corpora, whether NS corpora collected in "old" or "new" variety locations or NNS corpora based on learner data or expert/successful user data, have generated vigorous debate as to how spoken language should be modeled for teaching, and their influence is being seen in shifts in methodology toward language-awareness-based approaches as well as new materials based on lexicogrammatical and discoursal corpus evidence. Various approaches to understanding classroom speaking are also reviewed, including discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive approaches, and the Vygotskian perspective. Applications of insights from these approaches are reviewed, especially how the approaches affect the selection of texts and language features to be taught. Finally, practical discussion on the teaching of specific spoken genres is reviewed and probable future directions are discussed.

Since I am studying to become future teachers of English education, it is really important to know how to speak English, because I need to speak with my student in English and teach them. This term paper starts off by introducing the reader to the topic of aspect listening that we should know as a student of future teachers of English education. This paper also gives definition of speaking, how to teach speaking at school, some important speaking methods. I also made this paper based on the material from the internet such as e-book, and article. I hope this paper can help the reader to find out the research of the speaking material. I am really sorry if in this paper I have the incorrectly spelling or some incorrect word. Human life can not be separated from speaking activities. speaking is a means to communicate between humans. Speaking as a means of communication, in order to meet human nature as a social creature that needs to interact with fellow human beings. Speaking is regarded as the most perfect tool and able to bring good thoughts and feelings about things that are concrete or abstract (Effendi, 1985: 5). In line with the development of science and human technology is required to have good speaking skills. A person who has adequate speaking skills will more easily absorb and convey information both orally and in writing. Speaking skills consist of four aspects, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Students must master these four aspects to be skilled in speaking. Thus, learning language skills in schools not only emphasize the theory alone, but students are required to be able to use the language as its function, namely as a tool to communicate. One aspect of language that must be mastered by students is to speak, because speaking skills to support other skills (Tarigan, 1986: 86). This skill is not a kind of skill that can be passed down from generation to generation even though it is by nature every human being can speak. 2. Studies Library According to Tarigan (1981: 15), speaking is a form of human behavior that utilizes very intense physical, psychological, neurological, semantic and linguistic factors. Furthermore Tarigan (1986: 3) argues that speaking is the ability of a person to pronounce articulation sounds or words that aim to express, express and convey the thoughts, ideas and feelings of the person. While Brown and Yule in Nunan (1989: 26) argue that speech is to use an oral language consisting of a short, incomplete or fragmented utterance in the sphere of pronunciation. The pronunciation is closely related to the reciprocal relationship made between one speaker and the listener. Meanwhile, according to Djago Tarigan (1995: 149) speaking is a skill to convey the message through spoken language. The link between the message and the spoken language as the medium of delivery is very heavy. The message received by the listener

This chapter reviews research and practice in six main areas relevant to the teaching of speaking: (1) the growing influence of spoken corpora, (2) the debates concerning native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) models for spoken pedagogy, (3) the issue of authenticity in spoken materials, (4) approaches to understanding speaking in the classroom, (5) the selection of texts and aspects of spoken language for the teaching of speaking, and (6) developments in materials and methods for the teaching of speaking. Spoken corpora, whether NS corpora collected in " old " or " new " variety locations or NNS corpora based on learner data or expert/successful user data, have generated vigorous debate as to how spoken language should be modeled for teaching, and their influence is being seen in shifts in methodology toward language-awareness-based approaches as well as new materials based on lexicogrammatical and discoursal corpus evidence. Various approaches to understanding classroom speaking are also reviewed, including discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive approaches, and the Vygotskian perspective. Applications of insights from these approaches are reviewed, especially how the approaches affect the selection of texts and language features to be taught. Finally, practical discussion on the teaching of specific spoken genres is reviewed and probable future directions are discussed.

Concerning to techniques in teaching speaking, the English teacher have to be aware of innovative ways and well selected techniques in teaching especially in teaching speaking skill. According to , there are some techniques in improving speaking, such as : dialogues, small-group discussion, debate, song, games.

SIGEH ELT : Journal of Literature and Linguistics

Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts. Low motivation in speaking will be formidable reality for the teacher. The students are often reluctant to speak because they are shy and are not predisposed to express themselves in front of other people, especially when they are being asked to give personal information or opinions. The type of this research is ethnography research (realist ethnography), but the research is not stop in Ethnography but it is followed with Research and Development (R&D). Both of them are included in Qualitative Research. Language teachers always develop speaking skills by using different techniques and strategies, the data indicated that the selected teachers were using the communicative approach, direct method, and audio-lingual method and others. The techniques mostly used were discussion, role play, oral report, questions and answers, conversation and d...

The purpose of the paper is to elaborate the role of communicative activities to improve speaking skill. Speaking refers to the ability of speech organs to excute a certain language in monologue and or dialogue: a verbal communication. The result of speaker's ability to produce language orally is called skill. The skill quality is derived from his/her competence and practice quality. The strengthent of skill and competence in speaking English are determined by the speaker's willingness to use it in apporpriate approaches and strategies because Brown (2002) states that a person who has high internal motivation to do something is more successful in his/her life. Then, Communicative approach is implemented in the real communicative activities (the use of meaningful/understandable oral communication in the real life activities – as the focus of discussion) to improve the speaker's speaking skill.

Developing speaking skills includes several aspects that influence this process. It is more than obvious that the student together with the teacher are the most important ones. The way this process can be influenced from the position of the teacher will be the aim of the thesis.

Literature review Several studies on the topic of language games and speaking skills presentresults concerning students' improvement of language skills. In Urrutia & Vega(2006) research study, the data collected suggest that speaking is the most difficultskill to develop, students usually present lack of vocabulary, shyness and fear ofbeing humiliated; besides, the authors explain that students show evidence aboutthe importance of implementing games in classroom for improving the speakingskills. In Rama, Ying, lee & Luei Luei's (2007) study, the participants expressedthat games allow more than a half of students to improve communication in asecond language; there were involved an experimental group and a control group,in the first one 21% of the students considered that they were not able to speakbetter, but in the second group only 11% although in experimental group learnersenjoyed more games activities. Finally, Hamzah & Ting (2009) present findings onteaching speaking skills through group work activities saying that the results of theproject were the preferred inasmuch as students showed participation in speakinggroup activities highlighting motivation, interest, and they demonstratecontributions in team work as well as improvement in individual speaking activities.Urrutia & Vega (2006) conducted an action research project on theunderstanding and actions taken to improve speaking skills through games in apublic school called " Federico García Lorca " in Colombia. The participants in thisstudy were twenty girls and twenty boys from 14 to 18 years old. The researchersimplemented activities focused on oral games for promoting the development ofstudents' speaking skills. Questionnaires, teacher's journals and video recordingswere used as data collection instruments. The researchers analyzed the data byusing charts which included the percentages of student's answers about the mostdifficult skill for them, how often they speak in English during the class and thefactors that interfere at the time to speak, such as, shyness, lack of vocabulary,fear of humiliation, among others.

In this paper discusses about develop of speaking skills by using the English speaking practice application. Speaking skills are the basic abilities students must have because speaking skills include four basic skills in mastering English. In speaking skills the problem most often encountered is selfconfidence, confident students are easy to deal with but will be a big problem for students who have self-confidence issues. One application developed by talkenglish.com is the English speaking practice application is an application that can help students who have problems in confidence in developing their speaking skills, speaking practice application offers a variety of materials ranging from beginner to advance level. In this paper we will discuss how to use the speaking practice application in the learning process and discuss it in detail so that it can become the choice of English teachers in the learning process. As a result of the discussion in this paper, the speaking practice application can be well used to develop speaking skills. In speaking practice application students can first observe the conversation then students will give a few questions then can practice speaking.

2020

Learning a language requires a process, a process to know how to produce the language. There are some theories has explained how we learn the language. Lightbown and Spada (2000: 9) say that learning language is the result of imitation, practice, feedback on success and habit formation. That assumption is difference with Chomsky view. He said that learning the language as biological process. In this case, learning the language is the complex process the how to learn it. It is possible the human should learn the language continuously; it should be practiced every day or every time. Speaking the language such as English language is required in order to understand an English language. Speaking is the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal symbols (Chaney, 1998:13 in Kayi, 2006). Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and teaching. However, today’s world requires that the goal of teaching speaking should improve students’ communic...