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2020, Media, Culture & Society
The article discusses the role of social media in relation to the traditional journalistic sphere in Uganda. Through an analysis of how journalists in three Ugandan newspapers use social media in their daily work, the article discusses how social media affect conventional sourcing practices, reportage and professional norms. The article is particularly interested in how Facebook and Twitter serve as alternative channels through which sources with less access to traditional means of communication get their message(s) across to journalists. The findings are discussed in light of the present development of social media legislation in Uganda. The discussions feed into a larger reflection on social media’s potential to create avenues of access in a semi-democratic setting where attempts to curtail media freedom and freedom of expression are frequent.
This dissertation examines social media’s contribution to news journalism in semi-democratic settings where freedoms of expression and of the media are restricted. I specifically interrogate journalists’ deployment of Facebook and Twitter in sourcing and how the trend affects conventional sourcing practices, reportage and professional norms in Uganda. I premised the research on three assuptions: that journalists use social media sources more than they quote them; that journalists’ rating of social media sources influence the extent to which they cite them; that sourcing via social media has implications for reportage and standard journalistic practices. The study is grounded in literature about journalism in semi-democratic contexts, news sourcing and studies about the interplay between new media technologies and journalism. More specifically, this research undertaking is based on the conviction that understanding the effect of social media (just like any other technological innovations in newsrooms) on journalism requires an approach that is neither reductionist nor deterministic. I, therefore, situated the study within theories of media convergence, network(ed) journalism and the sociology of journalism out of recognition that journalists are never independent of forces within their immediate and wider environment. Rather, journalists’ newsgathering routines and decisions related to the methods they employ to execute their work are shaped by occupational norms and organisational policies in addition to the wider economics and politics of society. I interrogate journalists’ reported use of social media and actual use basing on field data obtained through interviewing, content analysis, document analysis and informal observation to provide an in-depth understanding of news sourcing in print newspapers in the Facebook and Twitter era. My analysis yielded several interesting findings. I found that social media facilitate journalism in semi-democratic contexts as they allow journalists access to known and unknown sources whose freedoms of speech and assembly maybe curtailed. Facebook and Twitter serve as alternative channels through which sources such as opposition politicians and activits with less or no access to traditional means of communication get their message(s) across to journalists. The study also reveals that journalists in both government and private owned as well as big and small newspapers use social media in more or less similar ways and that journalists hold somewhat similar opinions about their deployment of Facebook and Twitter in sourcing. Sourcing in New Vision, Daily Monitor and The Observer partly takes place in converged and networked spaces via social media. Facebook and Twitter are commonly deployed in newsgathering because they enable sources and journalists to connect; have the potential to diversify journalistic sources and increase alternative voices in news coverage. The findings show that the use of social media exacerbate ethical problems as journalists negotiate their professional identity vis-à-vis meeting requirements from within and outside their news organisations. In theory, journalists invoke professional norms to assert their professional status but in practice, they forego the same values in their deployment of social media due to occupational demands and individual predispositions. The study brought to the fore ambiguities in relation to journalists’ reported vis-à-vis actual use of social media. In practice social media are extensively used but journalists are reluctant to quote them in news content in print newspapers. Moreover, despite reporting extensive reliance on the platforms, journalists generally have negative perceptions of social media.
Addis Ababa University, 2015
The study aims at examining social media and journalism with particular focus on journalists’ and media outlets’ use of social media networks in the Ethiopian context. The network society, public sphere, and network(ed) journalism theoretical frameworks were used to inform the study. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were adopted for the study where survey questionnaire, interview and observation were used as specific methods for gathering the data. A survey questionnaire was administered to 145 journalists selected through a random sampling technique, whereas in-depth interview was held with 17 journalists, editors, and media managers working at three media institutions. Furthermore, an email interview was conducted with a media researcher. An observation was also carried out by the researcher for gathering firsthand information, and descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the quantitative data. The finding shows that journalists use social media for various purposes, such as for getting a new idea, to stay connected to the world, for personal and professional development; however, journalists’ use of the social media for professional purpose is marred with challenges. Their participation in discussion on social media is not as much of and they have no demarcation for personal and professional use of social media. The infamous traditional problem of journalists – self censorship, has migrated to online with journalists due to the new discourse of fear – surveillance and censorship. Hence, journalists kept silent, mainly, consuming social media contents while media outlets provide. As off line media outlets are not encouraging journalists to use social media, the journalists are forced to adopt a dual identity: one identity for the social media and one identity for the mainstream media. The study also reveals that although there were differences in the use of social media among media outlets, they were not exploiting the opportunity as they ought to have been owing to various problems. What is more, the study shows that the rise of social media is posing a serious challenge to state-owned as well as private media institutions in Ethiopia. On the basis of such findings, the study has suggested pertinent recommendations with the view to coping up with the fast changing global media landscape.
African Communication Research Journal, 2020
This study set out to quantify the value of social media usage among journalists in Zambia and Tanzania. Using surveys conducted among journalists in both Zambia and Tanzania, findings suggest that most reporters from the two countries place more value on Facebook than any other social platform such as WhatsApp and Twitter as it relates to professional practice. Individual journalists' value perception suggests that unlike Facebook, the value of other social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Twitter were respectively tied to their usage in querying friends and sharing 'fake news' for entertainment purposes. While Facebook was also used for querying friends, most journalists significantly tied its value to activities associated to journalistic practices, such as contacting sources and performing research for a story.
2019
The emerge and uses of social media in the recent years, has rapidly developed to majority of journalists around Africa including Zanzibar, the energetic participation of the professional journalists in this technological innovation has widened space and impacted ethical principles of journalism as a professional and raised the doubt to the public on trusting the mainstream media journalists in Zanzibar. This article discussed the findings on how far the emerging of social media (Facebook) affect journalistic ethics observance notable 'truthfulness, objectivism, balance and fairness and accuracy' as a fundamental tool for the mainstream media journalism and how journalists used social media in their work. About 53.0% are on the views that social media affect principle of fairness, 46.34% journalists didn't observe ethical principle of objectivism in their reports, 66.3% of broadcasting journalists reports contained bias, 43.4% of the reports has less of facts check-up wh...
Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology
Advancement in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are revolutionizing Development Journalism (DJ) into an effective strategy for building competitive economies globally. However, many countries in Africa including Tanzania are slow in tapping potentials of ICT for development journalism. Digital penetration in the form of the Internet and social media are changing the way in which journalists are mobilizing and engaging communities in journalism practises, a key strategy for a competitive digitalised economy. This paper was guided by Development Communication Theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory to explore the use of online social media by journalists in Tanzania to practice development journalism. Combining quantitative and qualitative methods, this paper analyses risks and benefits of online social media platforms in contributing to national development goals. A total of 15 social media journalists and managers from Mwananchi Digital, Ayo TV and Azam TV gave the...
The development of radio and later television brought a new dimension to news and events coverage in Nigeria. In 1993 the monopoly of government was broken to allow private participation. This gave the broadcast audience multiple choices of media. The advanced technology in the broadcast media and the development of internet and social media networks further exposed the society to alternative mediums of information. The pervasiveness of these websites in our everyday lives is today changing the face of broadcasting globally and in particular the Nigerian broadcast industry. This paper therefore examines the implication of Internet and social media on broadcast journalism in Nigeria.
Research, 2020
The study examined the influence of social media in the practice of journalism among the broadcast journalists in Ibadan. It assessed the role of social media in the practice of Journalism. The study relied on the Technological Determinism and Diffusion of innovations theories and survey was adopted as research method. A total number of 92 journalists were sampled for the research. The study found that 100% of the broadcast journalists are exposed to social networking sites. Also, the study discovered 81% of the respondents asserted that social media enhanced their productivity. The study recommends that journalists should carry out research on the available social media tools in order to identify reliable and trustworthy social networking sites and to be utilized by them to discharge their journalistic duties.
Skhid, 2019
Historically, Africa is known to be backward in adoption of technology. History has it that Africa trailed behind in the use of new technology for newsgathering. Africa is the 2nd largest continent after Asia with over 60% of its population living widely dispersed in hinterlands whose insecure terrains, inaccessibility, and distance from cities, make it impossible for journalist and media broadcasts to cover their socio-economic, cultural and political activities. In addition to these factors, scarcity of journalists, costs and conflicts, inability of media industries to train and/or recruit enough journalists, government indifference and pro-urban communication policy made newsgathering in African hinterlands almost impossible. However, the evolution and reign of Internet-based technologies, which enable citizens to contribute to news-making, and information gathering and exchange became a solution. Nevertheless, it is confronted with pro-urban middle class relevance due to epileptic power, poor network, low level of education and technology skills, and lack of formal framework for newsgathering in the hinterlands. This paper, therefore, explores the dynamics of newsgathering in the technologically-driven internet era, with a view to identifying inherent limitations in African hinterlands, and therefrom offers profitable recommendations. Geographically, the study considers African rural communities. Thematically, the paper is an investigation into the acquisition and use new information technologies particularly phones with internet facilities to generate and circulate news from African hinterlands, factors hindering the practice and possible ways of enhancing it. Periodically, the study covers the 21st century i.e. 2000 to date, which has witnessed ICTs massive penetration of the hinterlands and their use as primary medium of communication. In exploring the digitalisation of communication in rural Africa where majority of the population lives without regular or formal connection to organs and channels of governance and events in the entire world, this paper is significant to the extent that it assess and exposes the challenges modernisation is facing in trying to provide solution to the scenario. It explores areas of investments in media and communication in rural Africa, and attempts to provide viable alternatives to the problems hindering internet-mediated-technologies approach to newsgathering in rural Africa. It provides approaches to the democratisation of newsgathering and circulation, which opens up rural Africa to the global community and for participation in e-governance, global dialogue and discussions in every aspect of human development, rights and politics. This paper adopted logical inquiry, survey of literature and expost facto methods of data gathering. Central to these methods, extensive literature review was primarily adopted as data gathering processes. This is because of the wealth of literature, debates and criticism available on the new media, newsgathering, and the African experience particularly the hinterlands. This will explicate new areas of investments in communication technologies and provide valid framework for newsgathering across Africa, which will inevitably advance globalisation into and enhance development in African hinterlands.
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies
In July 2016, the budget padding scandal hit the Nigerian airwaves. Abdulmumin Jibrin had accused Speaker of the House of Representatives, Yakubu Dogara and House of Rep officers of trying to appropriate N40 Billion Naira through padding. Hon Abdulmumin Jibrin, Former Chairman of House Appropriations Committee and member, representing Kiru/Bebeji Federal Constituency, Kano State, made these allegations against the House of Representatives and its leaders, through his Twitter handle and more recently using his email and even Facebook accounts. The media war started after Yakubu Dogara, speaker of the Federal House of Representatives, announced the sack of Jibrin as the chairman, house committee on appropriation on Wednesday 20 th July. Jibrin was immediately replaced with Mustapha Dawaki Bala and Jibrin, in reaction, took to his Twitter page to make the wild allegations the next day and had since continued to use the social media for right to reply to post his own version of the story. The budget padding scandal cited above that erupted recently in the country is illustrative of one of the different ways the new media have influenced how news is gathered and reported in Nigeria and many other countries. Before the advent of the new media a reporter was given a lead or went out to find a story. Today many stories are received third hand through Facebook accounts, Twitter, Digs or Instagram, so that by the time a story is assigned to the reporter the story in some form or another is already out there in the social media. As these changes occur they continue to generate debates on the extent of effects on journalism practice in three key areas: nature of journalists; nature of news gathering and the way news is disseminated (Veglisetal,2005; Hermans ,2009; Fenton, 2010; Olakitan, 2012). Prevalent discourses on the issue, seem polarized as to the extent of effect of the new media on media practice, audience preference and audience use. And tend to often generalize these effects, muffling the differences arising from regional specificities from divergent cultures. It is
The business & management review, 2022
In the rapidly changing global arena, technological advancement and the adaptation of changing patterns of technology the growing trend in all areas, including journalism. The increasing use of social media in journalism due to technological advancement has been remarkably noticeable worldwide, including in Bangladesh in recent years. With the delicate touch of social media, sourcing and disseminating information have been easier. Social media has been considered one of the blessings of journalism to disseminate and share news events and get immediate feedback from the audience. As Facebook is the most popular social media among journalists in Bangladesh, the study took Facebook as the central unit of the research. The research's main objective is to determine how journalists in Bangladesh use Facebook in their regular journalism practices. The study is a qualitative study based on quantitative data. In the regular journalism practice, the study inquiries different uses of Facebook by Journalists in Bangladesh based on survey data. It has been found that to disseminate reports published or broadcasted in different newspapers and TV channels; journalists mainly use the Facebook platform. The study revealed that the reports not published or broadcasted in mainstream media are getting space in social media. The study also discovered that to get immediate feedback from the audience, the journalists in Bangladesh considered Facebook one of the most powerful tools. Moreover, to develop sources and get clues for news, Facebook occasionally assists journalists significantly. Furthermore, a significant finding is that ethical practice is in danger when practicing journalism on Facebook. Based on the above findings, the study concluded that for journalists in Bangladesh, social media would be an effective alternative to sharing news and getting immediate feedback from the audience.
The Percieved Impact of Social Media on Mainstream Journalism practices, 2020
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Social Media on mainstream journalism practices focusing on Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation (EBC) and Fana Broadcasting Corporate (FBC). Mixed research methods were adopted for the study where survey questionnaire and in-depth interview were used as specific methods for gathering the data. The explanatory sequential mixed methods was deployed to design the research. The data obtained and subsequent data analysis certainly emphasized the fact that social media has had, and continues to have a strong influence on the field of journalism and practitioners’. The notion of the journalist has moved so significantly away from aspects of its mainstream media basis because of favorability social media platform for interactivity with the audience and potential sources. A total sample of 283 journalists was randomly selected to fill the survey questionnaire. Whereas, 13 media professionals like media managers, editors and senior reporters were purposefully selected for the in-depth interview to support the findings from the questionnaire. As a result, the findings from these sources of data revealed that Journalists’ rated Social Media as very important in sourcing, processing, disseminating and getting feedback for local news. Similarly, Social Media have impacted on the mainstream journalistic practice to the level of creating new practices. Journalists used social media tools in their daily workflows, the access they each had to suitably reliable computing technologies remains an arguable issue within media organizations. Media organizations were converging and increasingly encouraging the use of social media in the daily work practices and routines of their employees. Both EBC and FBC directly linked to social media to broadcast online in addition to mainstreaming through Television and Radio. This indicates that the impact of internet technology on mainstream media. Unfortunately, both media institutions begun outlet their news with social media tools to attract audience worldwide. Therefore, it is recommended that proper training, attention and leadership needed both from the Media houses, journalists, researchers, educational institutions as well as policy makers.
The mass media in Tanzania are grappling with the problem of poor quality and quantity of local content; as a result, they have been swamped with foreign news. New media offer a novel platform to improve significantly the local news content, if integrated effectively in the news gathering and processing routines. This study delved into local journalists’ new media use in Tanzania to ascertain their impact on journalism practice and determine emerging practices linked to their application. To achieve the study objectives, 66 local journalists, who were selected randomly from eleven major national media outlets in Tanzania, were recruited to participate in an online questionnaire survey and the content of their Facebook accounts were analysed to respond to the first and second research questions on new media use and their impact. Furthermore, interviews with thirteen purposively selected key informants were conducted to respond to the third research question on emerging journalistic practices. Data were processed using an online digital research platform – SurveyMonkey.com. The study has established that 68 per cent of the local journalists in Tanzania are experienced new media users and most of them (75%) often use social networking platforms, particularly Facebook and Twitter. However, the vast majority (78%) do not use new media to source, share, or get feedback on the local news, and up to 74 per cent use new media for entertainment. The broad conclusion drawn based on these findings is that, local journalists in Tanzania have essentially been using new media for entertainment, not for professional engagement, particularly improving the local news content, whose quality and quantity the country’s ICT policy acknowledges is poor and needs to be improved. Therefore, the study recommends that concerted efforts be made through training and favourable media as well as ICT policies to shift from utopian predictions about new media and journalistic practices in Tanzania to ensure that local journalists embrace and use such media effectively to improve local news coverage.
The study evaluated the impacts of social media on modern journalism and discovered that social media is emerging as a powerful phenomenon across Nigeria as showcased by popular citizen journalism websites. The Sahara Reporters, one of such websites, is noted for its timely reports on issues and events as evidenced in a study conducted by Dare (2011, p.44) where 86 of the 120 respondents surveyed cited the Sahara reporters as a source of breaking news. By its interactivity and ability to deliver news in split seconds, social media have posed a serious challenge to the modern journalism in Nigeria. In congruency with the Democratic Participant Media Theory and the Public Sphere model, the researcher came to the reasoned conclusion that in this modern age, the social media have emerged as alternative news sources, since audiences now depend on them largely in meeting their information needs. In as much as social media in Nigeria has broadened people's access to a variety of news, this study suggests that a proper synergy between the modern journalism and social media is recommended to ascertain the best way(s) forward, for effective and efficient journalism practices in the country which will suit the modern age. The need therefore to sensitize Nigerian citizen journalists on proper use of this emerging brand of journalism is obvious. Among other things, it was recommended that operators of social media should endeavour to observe the core ethics of conventional journalism, that is, accuracy and objectivity in their news dissemination responsibilities.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 2019
Journalism research from the last decade has shown that social media continue to take on an increasingly important role in the well-functioning of newsrooms. This ability is seen as an important development in the evolution of media in several countries. However, for countries such as Zambia, studies on the impact and usage of social media on journalism were until recently scant or merely unavailable. This paper provides the results of an early study conducted between 2011 and 2013 that investigated the use of social media among journalists in Zambian newsrooms. The study showed that that even though media houses were formally utilising social media at the time, the usage was mostly dependant on individual newsroom staff. It also showed that usage was still in its infancy at the time and was muddled by challenges such as low internet access, high cost of access and a sense of apathy towards their use.
Developing Country Studies, 2015
The social media, which is the product of new media technology, has incontrovertibly charted new frontiers for conventional journalists. Practitioners in most developed countries of the world now rely heavily on the social media to generate contents. Expectedly, the concept of collaborative journalism has emerged. Emphasis has shifted from mere social interactions among folks to more sophisticated collaboration. While there this is wide spread practice in the developed societies, available statistics indicate that journalists in Africa are still grasping to acquire the needed knowledge to utilize social media platforms. Thus, this study amongst other things is aimed at assessing the use of social media by journalists in Nigeria and how such usage affects the performance of their duties. The research design used was survey; purposive sampling technique was used in studying 399 registered journalists in South East Nigeria. The findings of this study indicated that Nigerian journalists...
African Journalism Studies, 2018
Technology has significantly altered the practice of journalism at a number of levels, including broadening news sourcing and creating parallel markets of information for journalists, away from their traditional channels of content distribution. Equally, the buffer between professional journalists and their audiences has blurred. Contemporary journalists embrace new routines by deploying new technologies in their practice, and the multifarious responses by their media houses to these changes are emerging globally. This paper focuses on the deployment of Twitter by Kenyan journalists at the Daily Nation in their everyday practices of sourcing, production and dissemination of news. Data is obtained through semi-structured interviews with reporters attached to the news desk, and examined through the diffusion of innovations framework. The study found that by adopting Twitter in their daily routines— and because of the fast-paced nature of micro-blogging—the journalists have increased the speed of sharing news in order to stay relevant on the news market. The research also presents an overview of how the journalists negotiate the professional demands of clarity, balance and truth while at the same time embracing the immediacy and spontaneity of Twitter. The study recommends a need for mainstream media in Kenya to expand its news agenda by developing innovative ways of establishing the credibility of emerging news sources on Twitter.
International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 2021
Journalism is a term that has been used to describe the act of gathering and reporting news, either through the print media which includes newspaper, magazine or through the broadcast media to mention television, radio broadcasting system and recently journalism has been extended throughout the world through unrestricted use of social media, whereby the act of gathering and disseminating of news is done without restraint. Conversely, one important thing to note about journalism is the ethics that enhance the profession, its notes worthy to know that any information that is disseminated via any media should be ethically standard. The new media has on a large scale given the opportunity to a whole large number of people to practice journalism without them knowing the ethics that guide the profession, which is affecting the dynamics of the profession. Therefore this study is based on assessing the impact of a new communication system on journalism; whether social media promote the ethi...
This chapter gives an exploratory overview of the emergence and growth of new media in Uganda and how the alternative nature of new media is scaffolding the notion of citizenship and deliberative democracy. The chapter also suggests that despite the new found vigour, it is too early to say whether the Ugandan new media landscape have so far become a true alternative or complementary participatory space or a genuine platform for the distribution of uncensored information. It concludes that Ugandans use new media more for social interaction and dissemination of information (in a limited way) than as an alternative political public sphere. However, there are signs that online media is emerging and the anecdotes presented in this chapter indicate the potential of this media to be a place of participation and deliberation and reducing the authoritarian control of the communicative space.
UMMA-The Journal of the Contemporary Literature and Creative Arts 9 (1), 2022
Ineffective media engagement of ordinary people in development processes has emerged to be one of the reasons behind slow socioeconomic progress in Tanzania. This paper assesses the practice of Development Journalism (DJ) as a tool for mobilising the participation of ordinary people in development programmes. Specifically, the study targets emerging social media platforms, which facilitates the sharing of user-generated content to be shared online. It explores the extent to which YouTube online TV in Tanzania practices development journalism. The fast penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) evolves a media convergence that provides golden opportunities for fostering development journalism through social media (SM) platforms. It addresses one question: To what extent do SM support the growth of DJ in Tanzania? Using quantitative research methods, the study collected data from study a sample of 270 published stories over three months from three YouTube online TV; Mwananchi Digital, Ayo TV and Azam TV. The stories from the online SM platforms associated with the YouTube were measured using Development Journalism principles and indicators as developed by internationally-renowned media academics to determine their DJ status. Historical and political factors affecting DJ have been reviewed and analysed. Key finding reveals low rate of Development Journalism practice through ICTs-powered social media platforms. In fact, the overall number of stories with Development Journalism status is fewer than those with non-Development Journalism status was. Economic, technology and policy actions must complement DJ efforts including training to support the growth of DJ in Tanzania.
2020
Many East African states have developed restrictive legal and policy measures regarding the use of the internet. This has resulted in the declining state of media freedom and safety of journalists. This article addresses freedom of expression as a precondition for safeguarding journalists in selected East African countries of Tanzania and Burundi. It highlights notable cases, where the regional court has emphasized the importance of press freedom as a precursor for democracy. It concludes that the relevant regional legal framework offers adequate protection for the safety of journalists. However, countries have not fully implemented their obligations. In particular, press and cyber laws create a chilling effect on the treatment of journalists. The article contributes to a broader interrogation of how discourses about the safety of journalists are constructed and applied in the context of growing online activity.
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