Overview on the Recent Drugs Delivery Approaches

Molecules, 2008

This review describes specific strategies for targeting to the central nervous system (CNS). Systemically administered drugs can reach the brain by crossing one of two physiological barriers resistant to free diffusion of most molecules from blood to CNS: the endothelial blood-brain barrier or the epithelial blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. These tissues constitute both transport and enzymatic barriers. The most common strategy for designing effective prodrugs relies on the increase of parent drug lipophilicity. However, increasing lipophilicity without a concomitant increase in rate and selectivity of prodrug bioconversion in the brain will result in failure. In these regards, consideration of the enzymes present in brain tissue and in the barriers is essential for a successful approach. Nasal administration of lipophilic prodrugs can be a promising alternative non-invasive route to improve brain targeting of the parent drugs due to fast absorption and rapid onset of drug action. The carrier-mediated absorption of drugs and prodrugs across epithelial and endothelial barriers is emerging as another novel trend in biotherapeutics. Several specific transporters have been identified in boundary tissues between blood and CNS compartments. Some of them are involved in the active supply of nutrients and have been

The objective of this article is to provide the reader with an update on some research highlights from the past to the present, as well as future possibilities to achieve improved delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the past, dye studies confirmed the presence of the BBB and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers, which seem to play a major role in transporting drug molecules for the treatment of life-threatening diseases such as brain cancer and Alzheimer's. Presently, transportation mechanisms such as simple diffusion, carrier-mediated, absorptive-mediated, and receptor-mediated transcytosis are extensively used for BBB uptake of drug molecules. The spectrum of future neuropharmaceuticals falling into these categories ranges from peptides to nucleotide-based drugs as well as gene and stem cell deli very agents, and is increasing at a rapid rate with promising results. There has also been considerable progress in the development of quantitative methods to examine BBB permeability in humans and animals. Currently, intravenous administration and in situ brain perfusion techniques are the most versatile and sensitive methods to measure transport into the brain. This article also reviews the various methodologies available for assessing the transfer of drug molecules undergoing significant uptake through the BBB in vivo.

Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2006

This review aims to summarize the non-invasive approaches employed in delivering drugs to the central nervous system which is severely hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that limits molecular permeation. Particular attention will be placed on the several available strategies for delivering drugs into the brain, through circumvention of the BBB, in order to critically address the medicinal chemistry and the pharmaceutical technology contributions.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2016

Orally administered drugs are categorized into 4 classes depending on the solubility and permeability in a Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Prodrug derivatization is one of feasible approaches in modifying the physicochemical properties such as low solubility and low permeability without changing the in vivo pharmacological action of the parent drug. In this article, prodrug-targeted solute carrier (SLC) transporters were searched randomly by PubMed. Collected SLC transporters are amino acid transporter 1, bile acid transporter, carnitine transporter 2, glucose transporter 1, peptide transporter 1, vitamin C transporter 1, and multivitamin transporter. The usefulness of transporter-targeted prodrugs was evaluated in terms of membrane permeability, stability under acidic condition, and conversion to the parent drug. Among prodrugs collected, peptide transporter-targeted prodrugs exhibited the highest number, and some prodrugs such as valaciclovir and valganciclovir are clinically available. ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), reduces the intestinal absorption of lipophilic P-gp substrate drugs, and SLC transporter-targeted prodrugs of P-gp substrate drugs circumvented the P-gp-mediated efflux transport. Thus, SLC transporter-targeted prodrug derivatization seems to be feasible approach to increase the oral bioavailability by overcoming various unwanted physicochemical properties of orally administered drugs, although the effect of food on prodrug absorption should be taken into consideration.

Biochemistry. Biokhimii͡a, 2014

Targeted drug delivery into the cell compartment that is the most vulnerable to effects of the corresponding drug is a challenging problem, and its successful solution can significantly increase the efficiency and reduce side effects of the delivered therapeutic agents. To accomplish this one can utilize natural mechanisms of cellular specific uptake of macromolecules by receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular transport between cellular compartments. A transporting construction combining the components responsible for different steps of intracellular transport is promising for creating multifunctional modular constructions capable of delivering the necessary therapeutic agent into a given compartment of type-specified cells. This review focuses on intracellular transport peculiarities along with approaches for designing such transporting constructions for new, more effective, and safer strategies for treatment of various diseases.

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2008

Dwibhashyam, et al.: Drug delivery to CNS Treating central nervous system diseases is very challenging because of the presence of a variety of formidable obstacles that impede drug delivery. Physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fl uid barrier as well as various effl ux transporter proteins make the entry of drugs into the central nervous system very diffi cult. The present review provides a brief account of the blood brain barrier, the P-glycoprotein effl ux and various strategies for enhancing drug delivery to the central nervous system.

Current Drug Delivery, 2010

Brain, the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, plays the most vital role in every function of human body. However, many neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and infections of the brain become more prevalent as populations become older. In spite of the major advances in neuroscience, many potential therapeutics are still unable to reach the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is formed by the tight junctions within the capillary endothelium of the vertebrate brain .This results in the capillary wall behaving as a continuous lipid bilayer and preventing the passage of polar and lipid insoluble substances. Several approaches for delivering drugs to the CNS have been developed to enhance the capacity of therapeutic molecules to cross the BBB by modifying the drug itself, or by coupling it to a vector for receptor-mediated, carrier mediated or adsorption-mediated transcytosis. The current challenge is to develop drug delivery systems that ensure the safe and effective passage of drugs across the BBB. This review focuses on the strategies and approaches developed to enhance drug delivery to the CNS.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2012

2005

Preface. List of Contributors. 1. Factors that Impact the Developability of Drug Candidates-An Overview (Chao Han and Binghe Wang). 2. Chemical, Biochemical, and Physiological Barriers to Oral Drug Delivery (Teruna Siahaan). 3. Pathways for Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System (Yan Zhang and Donald W. Miller). 4. Physiochemical Properties, Formulation and Drug Delivery (E. Munson). 5. Targeted Bioavailability: A Fresh Look at Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Issues in Drug Delivery (William F. Elmquist). 6. Pre-Systemic and First-pass Metabolism (W. Griffith Humphreys). 7. Cell Culture Models for Drug Transport Studies (D. Nedra Karunaratne, Peter S. Silverstein, Veena Vasabdabi, Amber M. Young, Erik Rytting, Bradley Yops and Kenneth L. Audus). 8. Prodrug Approaches to Drug Delivery (Longqin Hu). 9. Receptor-Mediated Drug Delivery (Chirstopher P. Leamon and Philip S. Low). 10. Oral Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery (Rick Soltero). 11. Metabolic Activation and Drug Targetin...

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2009

This paper provides a mini-review of some recent approaches for the treatment of brain pathologies examining both medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical technology contributions. Medicinal chemistry-based strategies are essentially aimed at the chemical modification of low molecular weight drugs in order to increase their lipophilicity or the design of appropriate prodrugs, although this review will focus primarily on the use of prodrugs and not analog development. Recently, interest has been focused on the design and evaluation of prodrugs that are capable of exploiting one or more of the various endogenous transport systems at the level of the blood brain barrier (BBB). The technological strategies are essentially non-invasive methods of drug delivery to malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS) and are based on the use of nanosystems (colloidal carriers) such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles and dendrimers. The biodistribution of these nanocarriers can be manipulated by modifying their surface physico-chemical properties or by coating them with surfactants and polyethylene-glycols (PEGs). Liposomes, surfactant coated polymeric nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles are promising systems for delivery of drugs to tumors of the CNS. This mini-review discusses issues concerning the scope and limitations of both the medicinal chemistry and technological approaches. Based on the current findings, it can be concluded that crossing of the BBB and drug delivery to CNS is extremely complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach such as a close collaboration and common efforts among researchers of several scientific areas, particularly medicinal chemists, biologists and pharmaceutical technologists.