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2005, Linear Algebra and its Applications
Let A, C ∈ M n , the algebra of n × n complex matrices. The set of complex numbers C (A) = {det (A − U CU *) : U * U = I n } is the C-determinantal range of A. In this note, it is proved that C (A) is an elliptical disc for A, C ∈ M 2. A necessary and sufficient condition for C (A) to be a line segment is given when A and C are normal matrices with pairwise distinct eigenvalues. The linear operators L that satisfy the linear preserver property C (A) = C (L(A)), for all A, C ∈ M n , are characterized.
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 2016
Let A and C be square complex matrices of size n, the C-determinantal range of A is the subset of the complex plane {det (A − U CU *) : U U * = I n }. If A, C are both Hermitian matrices, then by a result of M. Fiedler [11] this set is a real line segment. In this paper we study this set for the case when C is a Hermitian matrix. Our purpose is to revisit and improve two well-known results on this topic. The first result is due to C.-K. Li concerning the C-numerical range of a Hermitian matrix, see Condition 5.1 (a) in [20]. The second one is due to C.-K. Li, Y.-T. Poon and N.-S. Sze about necessary and sufficient conditions for the C-determinantal range of A to be a subset of the line, see [21, Theorem 3.3]. C (A) = V CV * (U AU *) for any U, V ∈ U n. Definition 1.2. The σ-points of C (A) are defined by z σ = n i=1 (α i − γ σ(i)), σ ∈ S n , where α 1 ,. .. , α n and γ 1 ,. .. , γ n are the eigenvalues of A and C, respectively. It is easy to see that all the (not necessarily distinct) n! σ-points belong to C (A). The characterization of the C-determinantal range of A for Hermitian matrices A and C was obtained by M. Fiedler [11], who proved that C (A) is a real line segment, whose endpoints are the minimal and maximal σ-points of C (A). The C-determinantal range of A is intimately connected with a famous conjecture of M. Marcus [22] and G. N. de Oliveira [24], which can be reformulated as follows: for normal matrices A, C ∈ M n it holds that C (A) is a subset of the convex hull of the σ-points z σ , σ ∈ S n. This
Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 1996
Let A, C be n × n complex matrices. We prove in the affirmative the conjecture that the C-numerical range of A, defined by W C (A) = {tr (CU * AU) : U is unitary} , is always star-shaped with respect to star-center (tr A)(tr C)/n. This result is equivalent to that the image of the unitary orbit {U * AU : U is unitary} of A under any complex linear functional is always star-shaped.
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 1999
In [18], among other equivalent conditions, it is proved that a square complex matrix A is permutationally similar to a block-shift matrix if and only if for any complex matrix B with the same zero pattern as A, W (B), the numerical range of B, is a circular disk centered at the origin. In this paper, we add a long list of further new equivalent conditions. The corresponding result for the numerical range of a square complex matrix to be invariant under a rotation about the origin through an angle of 2π/m, where m 2 is a given positive integer, is also proved. Many interesting by-products are obtained. In particular, on the numerical range of a square nonnegative matrix A, the following unexpected results are established: (i) when the undirected graph of A is connected, if W (A) is a circular disk centered at the origin, then so is W (B), for any complex matrix B with the same zero pattern as A; (ii) when A is irreducible, if λ is an eigenvalue in the peripheral spectrum of A that lies on the boundary of W (A), then λ is a sharp point of W (A). We also obtain results on the numerical range of an irreducible square nonnegative matrix, which strengthen or clarify the work of Issos [9] and Nylen and Tam [14] on this topic. Open questions are posed at the end.
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 2003
Let M n and T n be the vector spaces of n × n matrices and upper triangular matrices over a field F (with some cardinality and characteristic restrictions) respectively. We characterise transformations φ on these two spaces separately which satisfy one of the following conditions: 1. det(A + λB) = det(φ(A) + λφ(B)) for all A, B and λ. 2. φ is surjective and det(A + λB) = det(φ(A) + λφ(B)) for all A, B and two specific λ. 3. φ is additive and preserves determinant.
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 2001
For any n × n matrices A and C, we consider the star-centers of three sets, namely, the C-numerical range W C (A) of A, the set diag U(A) of diagonals of matrices in the unitary orbit of A, and the set S(A) of matrices whose C-numerical ranges are contained in W C (A) for all C. For normal matrices A, we show that the set of star-centers of W A * (A) is a bounded closed real interval, and give complete description of the sets of star-centers of diag U(A) and of S(A). In particular, we show that if A is normal with noncollinear eigenvalues, then each of S(A) and diag U(A) has exactly one star-center. For general square matrices A, we also give sufficient conditions for the sets of star-centers of diag U(A) and of S(A) to be singleton sets.
Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 1997
Let A be an n X n complex matrix. Then the numerical range of A, W(A), is defined to be {r*Ax : x E C", x*x = 1). In this article a series of tests is given, allowing one to determine the shape of W(A) for 3 X 3 matrices. Reconstruction of A, up to unitary similarity, from W(A) is also examined. 0 Elsevier Science Inc., 1997
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 2001
We give an explicit description of all ρ-contractive (in Nagy-Foiaş sense) 2 × 2 matrices. This description leads to the formulas for ρ-numerical radii when the eigenvalues of such matrices either have equal absolute values or equal (mod π) arguments. We also discuss (natural) generalizations to the case of decomposable operators with at most two-dimensional blocks covering, in particular, the quadratic operators. (I.M. Spitkovsky).
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 1997
We investigate certain differential properties of the numerical range map nA: r H (( A,r, x), (A,x, x)) with the aim of better understanding the nature of the numerical range W(A) of A. For example, the joint eigenvalues of A correspond to the stationary points of n* (i.e. points where the derivative nk vanishes). Moreover, points x where rank ni( x) = 2 get mapped by nA into the interior W(A)" of W(A). For n = 2, it turns out that if A, and A, have no common invariant subspace, then the image under n* of the set Z I( A) consisting of those points x with rank n'J x) = 1 is precisely the boundary aW( A) of W(A), and the image under n* of the rank 2 points for nk is precisely W( A)" ; there are no rank 0 points for ni. As a consequence (for n = 2) we have that A, A, = A, A, iff 8,(A) it n,'(JW( A)).
arXiv (Cornell University), 2020
For 2 × 2 matrices over commutative rings, we prove a characterization theorem for left stable range 1 elements, we show that the stable range 1 property is left-right symmetric (also) at element level, we show that all matrices with one zero row (or zero column) over Bézout rings have stable range 1. Using diagonal reduction, we characterize all the 2 × 2 integral matrices which have stable range 1 and discuss additional properties including Jacobson's Lemma for stable range 1 elements. Finally, we give an example of exchange stable range 1 integral 2 × 2 matrix which is not clean.
Missouri Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 2021
The elliptical range theorem asserts that the field of values (or numerical range) of a two-by-two matrix with complex entries is an elliptical disk, the foci of which are the eigenvalues of the given matrix. Many proofs of this result are available in the literature, but most, with one exception, are computational and quite involved. In this note, it is shown that the elliptical range theorem follows from the properties of plane algebraic curves and a straightforward application of a well-known result due to Kippenhahn.
1991
We give equivalent characterizations for those n x n complex matrices A whose unitary orbits %?(A) and C-numerical ranges WC{A) satisfy ei8&(A) = f/(A) or e'e WC(A) = WC(A) for some real 0 (or for all real 0). In particular, we show that they are the block-cyclic or block-shift operators. Some of these results are extended to infinite-dimensional Hubert spaces.
Numerische Mathematik, 1976
For each norm v on <en, we define a numerical range Z., which is symmetric in the sense that Z. =Z"D, where v D is the dual norm. We prove that, for aE <e nn , Z.(a) contains the classical field of values V(a). In the special case that v is the lcnorm, Z.(a) is contained in a set G(a) of Gershgorin type defined by C. R. Johnson. When a is in the complex linear span of both the Hennitians and the v-Hennitians, then Z.(a), V(a) and the convex hull of the usual v-numerical range V.(a) all coincide. We prove some results concerning points of V(a) which are extreme points of Z.(a).
Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 2001
We characterize those linear operators on triangular or diagonal matrices preserving the numerical range or radius.
Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra, 2018
The maximal numerical range W0(A) of a matrix A is the (regular) numerical range W (B) of its compression B onto the eigenspace L of A*A corresponding to its maximal eigenvalue. So, always W0(A) ⊆ W (A). Conditions under which W0(A) has a non-empty intersection with the boundary of W (A) are established, in particular, when W0(A) = W(A). The set W0(A) is also described explicitly for matrices unitarily similar to direct sums of 2-by-2 blocks, and some insight into the behavior of W0(A) is provided when L has codimension one.
Linear & Multilinear Algebra, 2020
A complete description of 4-by-4 matrices αI C D βI , with scalar 2-by-2 diagonal blocks, for which the numerical range is the convex hull of two nonconcentric ellipses is given. This result is obtained by reduction to the leading special case in which C − D * also is a scalar multiple of the identity. In particular cases when in addition α−β is real or pure imaginary, the results take an especially simple form. An application to reciprocal matrices is provided.
Linear Algebra and its Applications, 1996
and &ok-&n Song ABSTRACT A complex square matrix A is called conoertiblc if there is a matrix B obtained h\ A from affixing k signs to entries of A such that per A = det B. In this note it is proved that a complex matrix all of whose entrices are taken from a fixed sector of' angle r/n is convertible if and only if its support is.
SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 1990
The inertia of intervals and lines of matrices is investigated. For complex n x n matrices A and B it is shown that. under mild nonsingularity conditions. A + IB changes inertia at no more than n 2 real values of I. Conditions are given for the constancy of the inertia of A + IB, where I lies in a real interval. These conditions generalize and organize some known results. Key words. inertia, constant inertia, inertia change point. interval of matrices. matrix stability, Lyapunov operators, Z-matrices AMS(MOS) subject classification. 15 1. Introduction. Bialas [1], Johnson and Rodman [4], Villiaho [7], and Fu and Barmish [2], have recently studied the inertia of intervals and lines of matrices. We extend these investigations under nonsingularity conditions. While some of our results are not difficult and are related to known results, taken together they show interrelations between various types of conditions, and as such they organize knowledge in this area of inertia theory. Let A and B be square complex matrices and suppose there is a real t such that the Lyapunov matrix L(A + tB) associated with A + tB is nonsingular. We show that A + tB changes inertia at no more than n 2 values of t. Let T be an interval, i.e., a connected subset of the real numbers. Under the assumption that L(A) is nonsingular, we state our principal condition, (CI) A + tB has constant inertia of type (rr, P, 0) for every tin T, and we compare several other conditions (some obviously equivalent) to (CI). Some of these conditions involve the real eigenvalues of A -IB and of L(A)-I L(B). Each of the conditions either implies or is implied by (CI). but not all are equivalent in general. By adding additional requirements on a single matrix or on the interval, such as stability, the reality of all eigenValues, or a condition we call Property X (which Z-matrices satisfy), some implications in one direction become equivalences. Section 2 of our paper contains notation, definitions. and some well-known results stated for easy reference. Section 3 contains preliminary results on eigenvalues and results on changes of inertia. Our main results on intervals with constant inertia, summarized above, may be found in § 4. In § 5 we give some applications to the convex hull of two matrices. We derive results from [I] -[ 4] and .
Linear and Multilinear Algebra, 1979
Let 1 ≤ m ≤ n, and let χ : H → C be a degree 1 character on a subgroup H of the symmetric group of degree m. The generalized matrix function on an m × σ(j) , and the decomposable numerical radius of an n × n matrix A on orthonormal tensors associated with χ is defined by r ⊥ χ (A) = max{|d χ (X * AX)| : X is an n × m matrix such that X * X = I m }.
Tikrit Journal of Pure Science
Suppose that is a polynomial matrix operator where for , are complex matrix and let be a complex variable. For an Hermitian matrix , we define the -numerical range of polynomial matrix of as , where . In this paper we study and our emphasis is on the geometrical properties of . We consider the location of in the complex plane and a theorem concerning the boundary of is also obtained. Possible generalazations of our results including their extensions to bounded linerar operators on an infinite dimensional Hilbert space are described.
Special Matrices, 2021
By definition, reciprocal matrices are tridiagonal n-by-n matrices A with constant main diagonal and such that ai , i +1 ai +1, i = 1 for i = 1, . . ., n − 1. We establish some properties of the numerical range generating curves C(A) (also called Kippenhahn curves) of such matrices, in particular concerning the location of their elliptical components. For n ≤ 6, in particular, we describe completely the cases when C(A) consist entirely of ellipses. As a corollary, we also provide a complete description of higher rank numerical ranges when these criteria are met.
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