UAV-Based Smart Environmental Monitoring

IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2016

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, have attracted a lot of attention, since they represent a new potential market. Along with the maturity of the technology and relevant regulations, a worldwide deployment of these UAVs is expected. Thanks to the high mobility of drones, they can be used to provide a lot of applications, such as service delivery, pollution mitigation, farming, and in the rescue operations. Due to its ubiquitous usability, the UAV will play an important role in the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, and it may become the main key enabler of this vision. While these UAVs would be deployed for specific objectives (e.g., service delivery), they can be, at the same time, used to offer new IoT value-added services when they are equipped with suitable and remotely controllable machine type communications (MTCs) devices (i.e., sensors, cameras, and actuators). However, deploying UAVs for the envisioned purposes cannot be done before overcoming the relevant challenging issues. These challenges comprise not only technical issues, such as physical collision, but also regulation issues as this nascent technology could be associated with problems like breaking the privacy of people or even use it for illegal operations like drug smuggling. Providing the communication to UAVs is another challenging issue facing the deployment of this technology. In this paper, a comprehensive survey on the UAVs and the related issues will be introduced. In addition, our envisioned UAV-based architecture for the delivery of UAV-based value-added IoT services from the sky will be introduced, and the relevant key challenges and requirements will be presented. Index Terms-Drone, Internet of Things (IoT), machine type communication (MTC), machine-to-machine (M2M), unmanned aerial system (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), unmanned aerial vehicle data processing. I. INTRODUCTION I N THE near future, millions of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, are expected to be rapidly deployed in diverse sectors of our daily life performing wide-ranging activities from delivering a package to diving into water for a specific underwater operation [1].

2022

A surveillance system requires repetitive and uninterrupted actions, typically related to large extension places, and difficult access. In this context, a multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (multi-UAV) system is a good alternative for overcoming the requirements imposed by this application. With this in mind, the UAVs have to work cooperatively and exchange information to finish the mission. However, managing and keeping the communication between UAVs is a challenge that has been investigated. So, the SD-FANET is an SDN architecture developed to mitigate this communication problem. SD-FANET has a hierarchical distributed control plane that provides a resilience mechanism to overcome failures during a mission runtime. The three-step strategy (detection, election, and recovery) allows the control plane outperforms failures and works continuously as long as there are nodes in the UAV network. Experimental tests were performed in three scenarios. In all of them, the controller executed the resilience mechanism and keep going working. The mean time was 1,94 seconds to 300 executions. The PDF of results was similar to a normal distribution demonstrating the behavior of the recovery time. Figure 1. Boat detection in Coral Reefs Environmental Protection Area (Área de Proteção Ambiental de Recifes de Corais-APARC) located in the coastal strip from the cities of Maxaranguape, Rio do Fogo and Touros, State of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil. Image provide by IDEMA/RN.

Sensors

The small-drone technology domain is the outcome of a breakthrough in technological advancement for drones. The Internet of Things (IoT) is used by drones to provide inter-location services for navigation. But, due to issues related to their architecture and design, drones are not immune to threats related to security and privacy. Establishing a secure and reliable network is essential to obtaining optimal performance from drones. While small drones offer promising avenues for growth in civil and defense industries, they are prone to attacks on safety, security, and privacy. The current architecture of small drones necessitates modifications to their data transformation and privacy mechanisms to align with domain requirements. This research paper investigates the latest trends in safety, security, and privacy related to drones, and the Internet of Drones (IoD), highlighting the importance of secure drone networks that are impervious to interceptions and intrusions. To mitigate cyber...

In environmental monitoring, human presence is necessary in order to monitor, record and control the evolution of environmental parameters, but, at the same time, is to be avoided, because it is a disturbing and possibly intrusive element. A solution to this challenging dilemma is to use autonomous or remote controlled mobile sensors, which, in its turn, leads to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), similar to those already developed and used in the military field. UAVs have unmatched qualities that make them the only effective solution in specialised tasks where human presence either is not necessary, or is not allowed. Although the civil applications of the UAVs were developed later than military ones, there is already a wide range of civil UAVs. Nowadays, they are used in scientific, emergency, governmental or commercial missions. The environmental monitoring missions are already performed by some UAVs meant for scientific or emergency missions. This work presents some cur...

Air & Space Law, 2023

, the European Commission published its long-awaited 'Drone Strategy 2.0 for a Smart and Sustainable Unmanned Aircraft EcoSystem in Europe'. This document builds upon previous European Union (EU) initiatives such as the 'An Aviation Strategy for Europe', 'European Green Deal', 'Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy-Putting European Transport on Track for the Future' and the numerous European Union Aviation Safety Agency drone-related publications. The Drone Strategy 2.0 constitutes the Commission's vision for developing the drone sector and provides the foundations for the next steps at the EU level to develop a thriving, viable drone ecosystem in the EU. This article gives a clear overview of the Strategy's main goals, its strengths and weaknesses, and assesses whether it is sufficient. It presents the evolutionary path from the Drone Strategy 1.0 and Drones Leaders' Group Report, to the Drone Strategy 2.0, with a parallel assessment of the challenges presented in these documents. The article argues the Strategy is a positive political initiative and that more efforts in the legal field should be taken for the goals set to be achieved. Finally, the article underlines the EU's shift from an initial safety-based approach to geopolitical protectionism, which is evident throughout the Strategy and this shift's significance for the future of drones in the EU.

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology

The way of living has evolved tremendously in the last few years. Technological advancement in the field of robotics and Internet of Things (IoT) has not only improved our way of living but also has become an essential part of our lives. Today we can't imagine a worldwithout cars, phones, computers etc. There's still a long way to go and therefore people keep coming up with new innovative ideas. This research was started keeping the same thing in mind. Due to continuous advancements in technology, it is important to monitor the environment in which we live. In this paper we try to present a solution that could be used to continuously monitor the environment via drone.

Ad Hoc Networks, 2022

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a rapidly evolving technology, and being highly mobile, UAV systems are able to cooperate with each other to accomplish a wide range of different tasks. UAVs can be used in commercial applications, such as goods delivery, as well as in military surveillance. They can also operate in civil domains like search-and-rescue missions, that require multiple UAVs to collect location data as well as transmit video streams. However, the malicious use of UAVs began to emerge in recent years. The frequency of such attacks has been significantly increasing and their impact can have devastating effects. Hence, the relevant industries and standardisation bodies are exploring possibilities for securing UAV systems and networks. Our survey focuses on UAV security and privacy issues whilst establishing flying ad-hoc networks (FANETs) as well as on threats to the Internet of drones (IoD) infrastructure used to provide control and access over the Internet between UAVs and users. The goal of this survey is to categorise the versatile aspects of the UAV threat landscape and develop a classification approach based on different types of connections and nodes in FANETs and IoD. In particular, we categorise security and privacy threats on connections between UAVs, ground control stations, and personal pilot devices. All the most relevant threats and their corresponding defence mechanisms are classified using characteristics of the first four layers of the OSI model. We then analyse the conventional and novel UAV routing protocols, indicating their advantages and disadvantages from the cyber security perspective. To provide a deeper insight, the reviewed defence mechanisms have undergone a thorough examination of their security requirements and objectives such as availability, authentication, authorisation, confidentiality, integrity, privacy, and non-repudiation. Finally, we discuss the open research challenges, the limitations of current UAV standards, and provide possible future directions for research. 2.2. UAV communication architectures categorisation Communication is a critical issue when deploying fast moving multi-UAV systems. Depending on data flow, UAV communications architectures are either centralised or decentralised. This categorisation is shown in Fig. 2 and explained below. 2.2.1. Centralised architectures UAVs communicate with a central controller, meaning there is a single point of failure. Fig. 3 presents three types of centralised communication architectures [9]. In UAV-GCS, to obtain data, every UAV must directly connect to the GCS. This type of link is not advisable in changeable environments, such as stormy weather conditions. In UAV-satellite, communication is done via a satellite, which is suitable for when the distance between GCS and UAV is big. In UAV-cellular, communication is performed via appropriate cellular technology; it uses base stations to implement routing technology that facilitates communication between nodes.

IEEE Access

Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), are among the most beneficial and emerging technologies, with a wide range of applications that can support the sustainability concerns of smart cities and ultimately improve citizens' quality of life. The goals of this systematic review were to explore the involvement of surveillance drones in smart cities in terms of application status, application areas, proposed models, and characteristics of drones. We conducted this systematic review based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes (PRISMA) guidelines. We systematically searched the Web of Science and Scopus for journal articles and conference papers written in English and published up to August 2021. Of the 323 records identified, 43 met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed that surveillance drones were used in seven distinct research fields (transportation, environment, infrastructure, object or people detection, disaster management, data collection, and other applications). Air pollution and traffic monitoring were the dominant application areas. The majority of reviewed models were based on the application of rotary-wing single-drones with the camera as the aerial sensor. Reviewed models showed that the adoption of a single or multiple UAVs, either as a stand-alone technology or integrated with other technologies (e.g., internet of things, wireless sensor networks, convolutional neural networks, artificial intelligence, machine learning, computer vision, cloud computing, web applications), can offer efficient and sustainable solutions compared to conventional surveillance methods. This review can benefit academic researchers and practitioners. INDEX TERMS Applications, drone, smart city, surveillance, sensor, review. I. INTRODUCTION Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are high-end cyber-physical systems (CPSs) for numerous data collection and monitoring tasks because of their capability to perform complex computations via wireless communication channels, high mobility, and automated operation [1]. UAVs can serve as internet of things (IoT) devices for data sharing, provide real-time data for input into 'big data' applications, and enable efficient decision-making [2]. UAVs are one of the advanced technologies that, along with the other The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Xujie Li. eleven technologies, are used to manage smart cities [3]. Bouassida et al. [4] classified UAV applications into data covering, e.g., surveillance and event covering, data relaying, e.g., delivery and emergency services, and data dissemination, e.g., cartography and precise agriculture. The surveillance task is about monitoring a target, which can be a person, a group of people, behaviors, activities, air pollutants, infrastructure, or buildings, and its typical applications are border patrol, construction management, power grid inspection, traffic monitoring, environmental monitoring, etc. [5]. When compared to traditional surveillance methods, using UAVs to perform complex surveillance tasks is a more beneficial and sustainable option because they can cover

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have enormous potential in enabling new applications in various areas, ranging from military, security, medicine, and surveillance to traffic-monitoring applications. Lately, there has been heavy investment in the development of UAVs and multi-UAVs systems that can collaborate and complete missions more efficiently and economically. Emerging technologies such as 4G/5G networks have significant potential on UAVs equipped with cameras, sensors, and GPS receivers in delivering Internet of Things (IoT) services from great heights, creating an airborne domain of the IoT. However, there are many issues to be resolved before the effective use of UAVs can be made, including security, privacy, and management. As such, in this paper we review new UAV application areas enabled by the IoT and 5G technologies, analyze the sensor requirements, and overview solutions for fleet management over aerial-networking, privacy, and security challenges. Finally, we propose a framework that supports and enables these technologies on UAVs. The introduced framework provisions a holistic IoT architecture that enables the protection of UAVs as “flying” things in a collaborative networked environment.

IRJET, 2020

Drone technology now been an research topic till now. The reason behind this is only Due to advantages at an effective cost in a seemingly wide range of operations. The measurement as well as monitoring of pollutants in air, in a certain locality at different altitudes with the help of drones and access the quality of air in real-time and get data and keeping the corresponding data updated. Drones are generally utilized in public as well as private sectors. Their applications, comes with a price as well as some disadvantages. Many proposals have been made to try and improve drones but they have been widely reliant on the actual and current cases. Drones can greatly limit the gap in the Wireless Sensor Network, due to their ability to fly at various heights. Drones can be a prolific research topic, there has been no interest in investigation of the advantages of deployment of this technology. It has been studied and observed that air pollutants in air change abruptly even at a comparatively short distance. The aim to provide a new tool to study and monitor air quality at different altitudes that even affluent people cannot afford. Looking at the current scenario, the project will be of low-cost drones and sensors. Generating reports daily as well as on a periodic basis and generate real-time notifications during high level of air pollution. To Understand the tough challenges related to drones and air pollution monitoring.