S. De Bianchi, L. Giovannetti (eds.), The Real and the Known

Knowledge in its general sense being understood as an ultimate truth in its totality not merely dressed by definition. But then how can we know "Knowledge" or even argue on it without being defined? Philosophy is a surge for truth(Knowledge) and he who clime the ladder to surge he is not only seeker of the truth, but becomes the lover of truth. this paper will aim at critical philosophical investigation on the concept of truth and clarifying it with the notion of Perception according to Plato.

Dialogue, 1985

My purpose in this paper is to investigate the ontological structure of the theory that Plato ascribes to Protagoras in the Theaetetus (152-160). My interest is not just historical-what I wish to do is to explore the contemporary significance of Plato's Protagorean thesis, especially with regard to the theory of truth and the theory of perception. Even so, I shall attempt to say quite a lot about the text-I think that certain recent interpreters (especially M. F. Burnyeat [1982]) are on the wrong track with regard to Protagorean relativism, precisely due to their misjudging the relation of the Theaetetus doctrine to more recent philosophy. My essay falls into two parts: the first explores the text itself; the second deals with philosophical questions arising out of the theory of relativism that Plato ascribes to Protagoras. I must emphasize, to avoid misunderstanding, that in this second part it is my intention to treat of Protagoreanism sub specie aeternitatis, and consequently I shall not restrict myself to issues Plato himself raises-or, for that matter, to issues that Plato cared about. I have, for example, found it useful to stress the parallels between the possible worlds semantics pioneered by Saul Kripke (1963) and the private worlds of Protagoras. We shall see that some of the issues concerning the coherence and consistency of Protagorean relativism are similar in outline to questions about worlds. Because of this parallelism, reflections on both sorts of structures are, as I hope to show, reciprocally illuminating. Because my paper is a hybrid of textual and more purely philosophical investigation, it may be useful for me to say a further word about methodology. There is a tradition developing in analytic philosophy of examining the arguments of ancient philosophers. The methodology of

Call for papers in Thaumàzein. Online Journal of Philosophy Submission deadline: October 31, 2022 Vol. 11, Issue 1, 2023 [https://www.thaumazein.it/] Edited by Silvia De Bianchi (Università degli Studi di Milano / Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) & Lorenzo Giovannetti (Università di Roma Tor Vergata / ILIESI, C.N.R.) *** Confirmed contributors: Klaus Corcilius – Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Fiona Leigh – University College London

"Kant and Contemporary Epistemology" (edited by Paolo Parrini), 1994

Since the start of the nineteen sixties, some Kant scholars have had occasion to note — in the words of Stephan Körner — the “great revival of Kant’s ideas and modes of thought in analytical philosophy and in other philosophical movements”.2And indeed, after the publication in 1966 of some famed essays by Jaakko Hintikka on the transcendentalist view of mathematics and of the celebrated book by Peter F. StrawsonThe Bounds of Sense. An Essay on Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason ” ’numerous works, often characterized by a fecund intertwining of historical and theoretical perspectives, have appeared on the subject. But this renewed interest has not given rise to an overall re-promotion of Kant’s epistemology; on the contrary, the appearance of important points of contact has generally gone together with a corresponding stress on no less important points of divergence. The “New Philosophy of Science”, for example, has been marked by a strong revaluation of the theoretical and constructive aspect which is present in all the components of scientific knowledge, even in the ones closer to empirical observation; and this belongs of course to a Kantian philosophical tradition. But these same epistemological orientations have also criticized any absolute idea of reason (“as Kant’s largely and not incidentally was), its presumed theoretical contents and its methodological prescriptions; in short, they have criticized its anti-empiricist pretences to discipline ”from above“ the development of scientific knowledge without taking into due account the empirical, historical and biological conditioning of it.4

Oxford Scholarship Online, 2018

Several contemporary epistemologists have been intrigued by the discussion of the distinction between knowledge and correct opinion in Plato’s Meno (97a–98b); a number of them have suggested that Plato is appealing to the idea that to know a proposition one must be ‘safe from error’ regarding that proposition. In fact, although there is evidence that Plato assumes that knowledge requires something like safety, this passage in the Meno imposes a different requirement on knowledge—namely, what Robert Nozick called ‘adherence’, the requirement that knowledge must resiliently ‘adhere’ to the truth. Adherence is much more controversial than safety, but it seems that Plato accepted both, and it is argued that he was right to do so. Both adherence and safety can be understood in a ‘contextualist’ manner, but it seems that Plato rejects contextualism in favor of understanding both conditions in their most demanding form.

This essay is a contemporary rethinking and analysis of Plato's notion of reality and its implications for contemporary world. It traces the route to Plato's notion of reality to Heraclitus, Parmenides and Pythagoras, and then makes a briefsurvey of Plato's theories of Forms, the divided line, the allegory of the cave and reminiscence and draws the connections between them. The study locates the points of intersection betweenPlato's cave and the real world, and between Plato's time and contemporary time. It inquires into why people are attracted or dragged to unreality and why they often pitch tent with unreality and find it easier to adapt to it rather than to reality. It argues further that despite the problems associated with unreality, it has some relevance to those who are accustomed to it. It then inquires into possible difficulty which will characterize the lives of those who are already adapted to unreality when detached fromit-the bliss of falsehood-and exposed to the pain of truth.It contends that in concrete term appearance or unreality has some roles to play in the understanding of reality. It then explicates some of these roles. Conclusively, it cautions against being trapped in unreality because of the difficulties involved in detaching from it and in knowing that one is actually entrapped in it.

This book discusses the development of ontology as well as epistemology in Plato's works and attempts to find a consistent understanding of the whole philosophical career of Plato in respect of two concepts of Being and Knowledge.

Ontology of Knowledge Beyond the opposition idealism/realism, 2022

From 1) the main ideas of the Kantian CRP - 2) a reinterpretation of the concept of transcendental subject and - 3) the logical principle of Individuation, this article proposes a new ontology in which subject and object are the same reality. This article describes the dynamic principle by which the Existence of the subject emerges from formless meta-substance and separates into an animated representation of the world.

trópos: RIVISTA DI ERMENEUTICA E CRITICA FILOSOFICA, 2017

The dialogue “Theaetetus” has once again become famous due to discussion on the concept ‘knowledge’ in analytic philosophy. In my paper, I provide a novel interpretation of this dialogue and demonstrate how it can be applied for a specification of hermeneutics. For this, I revisit this dialogue and argue, against the dominant view, that Plato achieves a positive result concerning the concept of knowledge. I show that this kind of knowledge can be interpreted as a special kind of ‘practical knowledge’ and used for the reconstruction of a hermeneutic tradition à la Dilthey. I then demonstrate the main characteristics of this kind of knowledge analysing the relationship between the concepts ‘knowledge’ and ‘belief ’ and between the concepts ‘knowledge’ and ‘truth’, and challenging the standard definition of knowledge as a true justified belief from the hermeneutic perspective. One methodological implication of my paper may be to challenge the dominant and sometimes eliminative projects assuming that all knowledge can be somehow reduced to propositional knowledge.

2007

It is generally agreed that the philosophy of Kant is a turning point for modern philosophy. This corpus provides with us not only a method for analysing the nature of human knowledge in general, but also a basis upon which we find a possibility to establish ontology derived from epistemology. This paper tries to understand the principles of this possibility described in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.