Studies on the Development of Resistance to HMAC

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 2017

2005

We tested the effect of selected insecticides on the parasitic wasp Cotesia marginiventris. This wasp is an important parasite of nearly all caterpillars that attack cotto. It is particularly effective against armyworms, but also is a common parasite of bollworms, budworms, and loopers. As such, it is important that we do what we can to conserve this wasp in the field, and that we understand the potential impacts of pesticide applications on its ability to function. Longevity and lifetime fecundity of adult females were unaffected by insecticide treatment. Daily egg production differed somewhat among treatments (although not significantly), but differences in daily production appear to have been compensated for by increased longevity to equalize the lifetime fecundity. The insecticides tested in this study did not seriously affect the development, survival, longevity, or reproduction of C. marginiventris exposed to the pesticides through the cocoon, or through incidental ingestion while emerging from the cocoon. These results suggest that wasps within cocoons at the time of insecticide application will be protected from most adverse effects. This means that many insecticides used in a cotton field will not reduce survival or biological control potential of Cotesia marginiventris wasps that are in the pupal stage in the field. Adult wasps exposed in the field will likely not always be as fortunate.

2012

Center, for their help and cooperation through the period of this study.

Journal of Plant Protection Research, 2018

Currently, the use of insecticides is an acute problem. Due to rapid population growth, the primary task is to increase food production. Beyond abiotic factors (drought, soil salinity, etc.) that reduce crop yields, farmers face problems with insect pests that can decrease crop productivity up to 60%. Also, insects are carriers of severe viral and protozoan human diseases. The need for application of insecticides is not questioned but many of them cause resistance of insect pests to them. This, in turn, leads to the necessity to invent new insecticides that are safe and more effective for long-term use. Preparations based on conservative parts of nucleic acids, particularly contact DNA insecticides, could be used to solve insecticide resistance problem as control agents which are well-tailored to target insect pests. This mini review is devoted to these issues.

Entomon, 2018

Experiment was conducted to evaluate toxicity of thirteen insecticides viz., thiamethoxam 25 WG, buprofezin 25 SC, clothianidin 50 WDG, diafenthiuron 50 WP, fipronil 5 SC, imidacloprid 70 WG, flonicamid 50 WDG, lamda-cyhalothrin 5 EC, methyl parathion 50 EC, thiacloprid 21.7 SC, cypermethrin 10 EC, indoxacarb 15.8 EC and chlorantranilliprole 18.5 SC against different stages of predatory coccinellid, Cheilomenes sexmaculata. Indoxacarb 15.8 E@ 0.008% was highly toxic at 72 hours after treatment against eggs (55.19% mortality). While, indoxacarb 15.8 E@ 0.008% and methyl parathion 50 EC@ 0.05% ware highly toxic at 72 hours after treatment against grubs and adults, with 92.96 and 83.33 per cent mortality of grubs and adults, respectively. Buprofezin 25 SC@ 0.05% caused the lowest mortality at 24, 48 and 72 hour after treatment, of all stages tested, hence can be considered as safer insecticide. © 2018 Association for Advancement of Entomology

South Asian research journal of biology and applied biosciences, 2022

Pesticide durability lasts to be one of the greatest significant subjects' confrontations with agricultural output. The defy in pesticide impedance and its administration is represented by the status of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This extremely offensive pest has a considerable tendency for evolving pesticide durability as of its biotic features, and situations of impedance to furthermost categories of insecticides utilized for its organization have been perceived. In conflict with pesticide durability in the western blossom thrips, quite a few insecticide impedance supervisions (IRM) approaches have been progressing about the universe and these conversations. Effective approaches depend on non-insecticidal strategies, for instance, biotic and cultural monitoring and steward vegetable durability, to diminish inhabitants' compressions, alternations amid pesticides of the diverse method of labor categories to maintain insecticide effectiveness, impedance observation, specimen to define the necessity for insecticide implementation and instruction to guarantee suitable operation. Further cautious insecticide utilization is conceivable by the progress of fully-initiated financial sill for extra harvesting organizations. Though cultivators will carry on to trust insecticides as a portion of western-blossom-thrips-and thrips-spread virus administration added effective administration of these pests will be accomplished by deeming their administration in the situation of complete united pest administration, through IRM being the main constituent of those complete approaches.

This review contains a brief history of the use of insecticides. The peculiarities, main advantages, and disadvantages of some modern insecticides are described. The names of the discoverers of some of the most popular insecticide preparations on the world market, are listed. The tendencies to find new insecticides to control the quantity of phytophagous insects are discussed. Special attention is paid to the perspective of creating preparations based on nucleic acids, in particular DNA insecticides. The use of insect-specific, short single-stranded DNA fragments as DNA insecticides, is paving the way in the field of " intellectual " insecticides that " think " before they act. It is worth noting, though, that in the near future, the quantity of produced insecticides will increase due to the challenges associated with food production for a rapidly growing population. It is concluded, that an agreeable interaction of scientists and manufacturers of insecticides should lead to the selection of the most optimal solutions for insect pest control, which would be safe, affordable, and effective at the same time.

Journal of Asia-pacific Entomology, 2005

Resistance to several classes of insecticides was diagnosed in the cotton leafworm (CL W), Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), from cotton fields in the Nile Delta Egypt through 2002-2004 seasons. Two types of laboratory bioassays were used for the detection of insecticide resistance. Leaf-dip larval bioassay and discriminating concentration (LC9 9 for susceptible laboratory strain) technique revealed the presence of resistance to insecticides tested. Both larval and adult stages showed relatively similar response to most insecticides tested. However, the glass vialdiscriminating concentration technique is particularly more useful when resistance is related to the target -site insensitivity rather than to increased metabolism. The pattern of reversion of resistance to five insecticides was determined in two field strains that have been released from continuous insecticide application and then reared under laboratory conditions for 6-8 generations in the absence of insecticide pressure. It was considered that losing of resistance to cypermethrin in both resistant field strains seemed to be quicker than other insecticides tested, in which resistance ratios decreased from 47.7-fold (F0-parents) to 17.8-fold (F6 generation) in MNF-strain, and from 38.5-fold (Fs-parents) to 10.7-fold (F6 generation) in KFR-strain. On the other hand, biochemical assays indicated that both MNF-and KFR-field strains, expressed higher levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity by 13.2-and 8A-times, respectively, than that of the susceptible strain. AChE activity was sharply decreased to 1.01-and 1.92-times in MNF-and KFRstrains, respectively, compared to that of susceptible strain, following insect rearing for six successive generations without insecticide pressure. Esterases activity was also decreased 2.02-times (F0) to 1.41 (F 6 ) in MNF-strain and from 2.0-times (F o ) to 1.21 -times (F 6 ) in KFR-strain, compared to that of susceptible strain. On the other hand, analysis of esterases by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ·Corresponding author.

Research Square (Research Square), 2022

Methods used to control natural enemies; insects in particular, have been mainly chemical. Given the irritations associated with the use of pesticides, a search for alternatives is required, particularly through the use of plant extracts. The present study focused on comparing the insecticidal power of aqueous extracts of Dittrichia viscosa in combination with a bio-adjuvant Silene fuscata and a synthetic pesticide Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin on the abundance, biochemical life traits and demographic parameters of the winter phenotype of Chaitophorus leucomelas. The results show a strong effect of the aqueous extracts of Dittrichia viscosa on the abundance of Chaitophorus leucomelas, with a well pronounced insecticidal activity under the effect of the aqueous extract ratio Dittrichia viscosa/Silena fuscata. Lipid and carbohydrate energy biomarkers of Chaitophorus leucomelas sexuparae undergo strong changes depending on the products used, with a very signi cant disturbing action of the synthetic product compared to aqueous extracts. The fecundity of C. leucomelas shows a remarkable disturbance under the action of the active ingredient Thiamethoxam/ Lambda-cyhalothrin compared to aqueous extracts. The results also con rm that the products applied cause a disturbance in the growth rate (r m) and reproduction (R 0) of C. leucomelas females, with the chemical treatment having the strongest effect. The full dose of the active ingredient causes remarkable disturbances on the multiplication rate (λ) and the mean generation time (T) of the sexuparae compared to the other applied molecules. Some stability is reported for the doubling time (DT) of treated females compared to the control ones.