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The Education of Girls in Africa

2009, Opening Address Presented at the Federation of University Women of Africa Conference, Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

Girls’ education on the African continent has reached a crossroads. The gender gap has lessened significantly over the last 15 years, particularly in primary education, with the high priorities placed on girls’ education in national, continental and international education policies and laws, conventions and agreements. These include country education policies, poverty reduction and economic development strategies, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Education for All (EFA) campaign. However, there are still millions of girls without access to primary and secondary education across the continent. This paper describes the foundations of girls’ education at the beginning of the 21st century and explores the macro-level, socio-cultural, legal/policy and school-related factors causing the gender gap in primary and secondary education. The paper details recent successes in achieving the MDG and EFA goals and outlines the way forward for closing the gender gap.

Key takeaways

  • A considerably higher number of girls had no access to secondary education.
  • Thus MDG 3 sets a high priority on ensuring girls' equal access to primary and secondary education (as well as tertiary) in order to achieve the broader objective of gender equality and empowerment of women and girls.
  • Gender disparities intensify in secondary education, as cultural attitudes reinforce the norm that girls do not need further education after primary school.
  • On the legal and policy levels, factors contributing to the gender gap include:  lack of government funding for schools and teachers  lack of free and compulsory primary education  lack of financial incentives for girls' education  gap between policy and practice in girls' education rhetoric
  • Thus, increasing the number of female teachers may not only improve girls' achievement but also increase girls' enrollment in primary and secondary education.
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