Laboratory Guide for Electronics 1: Basic Components

2019

Students will learn how to use the LTspice circuit simulator, including schematic entry, selecting and running different simulation types, and how to produce simulation output for reports. Example circuits will be simulated to demonstrate the capabilities of LTspice. Introduction: LTspice is a fully-functional, freely-available circuit simulator. Linear Technology, Inc. originally designed it so engineers could simulate their switching power supply controller integrated circuits. It is an excellent SPICE simulator, rivaling costly commercial products like Electronic Workbench and PSpice. Some important advantages to LTspice are that it is free, circuit sizes are unlimited, it is very easy to add new models, and the user can easily modify the simulator's behavior. However, PSpice and Electronic Workbench have other advantages and are better at mixed analog/digital circuits than LTspice.

2010

A-2 CONTRIBUTOR LIST 405 A-3 DESIGN SCIENCE LICENSE 409 INDEX 412 price. The electronic signal generated by the keyboard is conducted to your circuit via a headphone cable plugged into the "headphones" jack. More details regarding the use of a "Musical Keyboard as a Signal Generator" may be found in the experiment of that name in chapter 4 (AC). 1.2.3 Supplies Wire used in solderless breadboards must be 22-gauge, solid copper. Spools of this wire are available from electronic supply stores and some hardware stores, in different insulation colors. Insulation color has no bearing on the wire's performance, but different colors are sometimes useful for "color-coding" wire functions in a complex circuit. Spool of 22-gauge, solid copper wire Note how the last 1/4 inch or so of the copper wire protruding from the spool has been "stripped" of its plastic insulation. ====================================== An alternative to solderless breadboard circuit construction is wire-wrap, where 30-gauge (very thin!) solid copper wire is tightly wrapped around the terminals of components inserted through the holes of a fiberglass board. No soldering is required, and the connections made are at least as durable as soldered connections, perhaps more. Wire-wrapping requires a spool of this very thin wire, and a special wrapping tool, the simplest kind resembling a small screwdriver. Wire-wrap wire and wrapping tool 1.3 Contributors Contributors to this chapter are listed in chronological order of their contributions, from most recent to first. See Appendix 2 (Contributor List) for dates and contact information. Michael Warner (April 9, 2002): Suggestions for a section describing home laboratory setup. Chapter 2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND TEST EQUIPMENT Contents 2.1 Voltmeter usage. .

The laboratory emphasizes the practical, hands-on component of this course. It complements the theoretical material presented in lecture, and as such, is integral and indispensible to the mastery of the subject. There are several items of importance here including proper safety procedures, required tools, and laboratory reports. This exercise will finish with an examination of scientific and engineering notation, the standard form of representing and manipulating values.

In general all electronic devices are nonlinear, and device operating characteristics can vary significantly over the range of parameters over which the device operates. The bipolar transistor, for example, has a 'normal' operating collector voltage range bounded by saturation for low voltages and collector junction breakdown for high voltages. Similarly the collector current is bounded by dissipation considerations on the one hand and cutoff on the other hand. In order to function properly the transistor must be biased properly, i.e., the steady-state operating voltages and currents must suit the purpose involved. Our primary concern here however is not to determine what an appropriate operating point is. That determination depends on a particular context of use and even so often involves a degree of judgment in choosing between conflicting preferences. Rather we suppose in general that an operating point is specified (somehow) and the task considered is how to go about establishing and maintaining that operating point. Where a specific context is needed for an illustration we assume usually that the transistor is to provide linear voltage amplification for a symmetrical signal, i.e., a signal with equal positive and negative excursions about a steady-state value.

This laboratory manual presents 19 student experiments on Amplifiers and Oscillators. Among the topics covered are Cascade, Cascode, Darlington and Feedback Pair configurations, constant current sources, Differential, Series and Transformer coupled Class A amplifiers, Complementary and Push-Pull Class B Amplifiers, Bode Plots, Frequency Response and Negative Feedback. Phase Shift, Wien Bridge, Hartley, Colpitts and crystal oscillators. For each student experiment a resume is presented of the theoretical background, circuit details of the equipment employed, along with a detailed set of student activities .