اهمية المناظق الخضراء

Performance Research , 2019

Print) 1469-9990 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rprs20 PERFORMANCE RESEARCH 23·3 : pp.1-5 http: //dx.

2016

Oxford Book Company, Jaipur, 2016

Micro climate is the climate near the ground (below 2m), that is, the climate in which plants and animals live. It differs from macro climate, which prevails above the first few meters over the ground, primarily in the rate at which changes occur with elevation and with time. Whether the surface is bare or vegetated, the greatest diurnal range in temperature experienced at any level occurs there. Temperature changes drastically in the first few ten of millimeters from the surface in to the soil or into the air. Changes in humidity with elevation are greatest near the surface. Very large quantities of energy are exchanged at the surface in the processes of evaporation and condensation. Wind speed decreases markedly as the surface is approached and its momentum is transferred to it. Thus, it is the greatest range in environmental conditions near the surface and the rate of these changes with time and elevation that make the microclimate so different from the climate just a few meters above, where atmospheric mixing processes are much more active and the climate is both moderate and more stable.

Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2018

Climate is of fundamental importance to the ecology and evolution of all organisms. However, studies of climate–organism interactions usually rely on climate variables interpolated from widely spaced measurements or modelled at coarse resolution, whereas the conditions experienced by many organisms vary over scales from millimetres to metres. To help bridge this mismatch in scale, we present models of the mechanistic processes that govern fine‐scale variation in near‐ground air temperature. The models are flexible (enabling application to a wide variety of locations and contexts), can be run using freely available data and are provided as an R package. We apply a mesoclimate model to the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall to provide hourly estimates of air temperature at resolution of 100 m for the period Jan‐Dec 2010. A microclimate model is then applied to a 1 km2 region of the Lizard Peninsula, Caerthillean Valley (49.969°N, 5.215°W), to provide hourly estimates of near‐ground air temp...

This paper focuses on the evaluation of regional climate model simulation for Turkey for the 21st century. A regional climate model, ICTP-RegCM3, with 20 km horizontal resolution, is used to downscale the reference and future climate scenario (IPCC-A2) simulations. Characteristics of droughts as well as the crop growth and yields of first-and second-crop corn are then calculated and simulated based on the data produced. The model projects an increase in air temperature of 5 to 7°C during the summer season over the west and an increase of 3.5°C for the winter season for the eastern part of the country. Precipitation is predicted to be 40% less in the southwest, although it may increase by 25% in the eastern part of the Black Sea region and northeastern Turkey. Trends in drought intensity and crop growth are related to climate changes. The results suggest more frequent, intense and long-lasting droughts in the country particularly along the western and southern coasts under future climate conditions. A shift of climate classes towards drier conditions is also projected for the western, southern and central regions during the 21st century. Evaluating the role of the climate change trends in crop production reveals significant decreases in yield and shortened growth seasons for first-and second-crop corn, a likely result of high temperatures and water stresses. In addition to rising temperatures and declining precipitation, increasing frequency, severity and duration of drought events may significantly affect food production and socio-economic conditions in Turkey. Our results may help policy makers and relevant sectors to implement appropriate and timely measures to cope with climate-changeinduced droughts and their effects in the future.

2000

Throughout architectural history, local buildings have used great in providing the most comfortable internal conditions possible within the exigencies and con- straints of local climate. In Iraqis climates, accelerating airflow through induces evaporative cooling and across spaces, ensuring that di- rect sunshine cannot penetrate the building and the ther- mal capacity of massive structure is used to insulate and take

International journal of scientific research, 2016

Microclimates are caused by the local differences in the amount of heat or water received or trapped near the surface. A microclimate may differ from its surroundings by receiving more energy, so it is little warmer than its surroundings. On the other hand, if it is shade it may be cooler on average, because it does not get the direct heating of the sun. Its humidity may differ; water may have accumulated there making things damper, or there may be less water so that it is drier. Also, the wind speed may be different, affecting the temperature and humidity because wind tends to remove heat and water vapour. All these influences go into making the microclimate. Microclimates help to explain part of patchiness in vegetation that occurs on the smaller scale, they determine which plant can grow where. Furthermore, microclimates are the building blocks of climate of a particular region.

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60-12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclonephysiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.

Scientific Data, 2014

The mechanistic links between climate and the environmental sensitivities of organisms occur through the microclimatic conditions that organisms experience. Here we present a dataset of gridded hourly estimates of typical microclimatic conditions (air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation, sky radiation and substrate temperatures from the surface to 1 m depth) at high resolution (~15 km) for the globe. The estimates are for the middle day of each month, based on long-term average macroclimates, and include six shade levels and three generic substrates (soil, rock and sand) per pixel. These data are suitable for deriving biophysical estimates of the heat, water and activity budgets of terrestrial organisms.