Electrical and Electronic Engineering

This paper reports a hexagonal microstructure optical fiber design which attains ultra-high birefringence property with high negative dispersion in a wideband transmission system. The finite element method with circular perfectly matched boundary layer is used to examine the guiding properties. According to simulation it is demonstrated that, the proposed hexagonal microstructure optical fiber (H-MOF) deals with high birefringence of 3.373×10-2. The proposed fiber achieves negative dispersion coefficient of −837.8 ps/(nm.km) and also high nonlinear coefficient of 53.45 W-1 km-1 is obtained at 1550 nm wavelength. The fiber possesses excellent guiding properties which has the capability of sensing and dispersion compensation in high-bit-rate transmission network.

This article presents a study on ECG signal filtering algorithms to denoise signals corrupted by various types of noise sources. The study also examines the effect of Kronecker tensor product values on ECG rates. The study is conducted in a Matlab environment, and the results demonstrate that a constant number for the respective codes can effectively denoise ECG signals without any trouble. These findings have significant implications for diagnosing abnormal heart rhythms and investigating chest pains. The present study is novel in that it explores the relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values across different age groups, which has not been extensively studied in previous literature. The study's unique contribution is the determination of age-specific values of the constant K required to represent this relationship accurately in different populations, which could inform the development of more effective algorithms for denoising ECG signals in clinical settings. Additionally, this study's finding of an inverse relationship between ECG rate and Kronecker delta values could have broader implications for understanding the physiological factors that contribute to variability in ECG measurements. The study provides valuable insights into ECG signal processing and suggests that the implemented techniques can improve the accuracy of ECG signal analysis in real-time clinical settings. Overall, the manuscript is a valuable contribution to the field of biomedical signal processing and provides important information for researchers and healthcare professionals.

Wireless communication is the fastest-growing segment in the communication industry, with mobile communication being the most widely used. However, it faces several technical challenges, such as Fading, Shadowing, Interference, and Propagation path loss. Meeting the higher demand for capacity with high-quality service is crucial. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique that converts wideband signals into narrowband signals for transmission, making it a suitable option for high bandwidth data transmission. The transmission of these narrowband signals is executed with an orthogonal carrier. This paper focuses on building a QAM model using MATLAB to simulate Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for real data communication under different communication channels, including AWGN and fading channels (Rayleigh and Rician). The aim is to investigate the reduction of noise and bit error rate in communication channels. The simulation model built for this research work demonstrates that QAM scheme performs better in AWGN channels than Rayleigh or Rician fading channels.

Wireless communication is the fastest-growing segment in the communication industry, with mobile communication being the most widely used. However, it faces several technical challenges, such as Fading, Shadowing, Interference, and Propagation path loss. Meeting the higher demand for capacity with high-quality service is crucial. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique that converts wideband signals into narrowband signals for transmission, making it a suitable option for high bandwidth data transmission. The transmission of these narrowband signals is executed with an orthogonal carrier. This paper focuses on building a QAM model using MATLAB to simulate Bit Error Rate (BER) performance for real data communication under different communication channels, including AWGN and fading channels (Rayleigh and Rician). The aim is to investigate the reduction of noise and bit error rate in communication channels. The simulation model built for this research work demonstrates that QAM scheme performs better in AWGN channels than Rayleigh or Rician fading channels.

This paper describes a unique study that uses multiple FIR adaptive filter algorithms to denoise adult electrocardiogram (ECG) data. The study looks at how power line interference, external electromagnetic fields, random body motions, and breathing impact ECG measurement accuracy. The article takes a fresh look at Savitzky-Golay filtering techniques by implementing and evaluating them inside the FIR adaptive filter architecture. Matlab is used to evaluate the performance of the Affine projection FIR adaptive filter (AP), Direct-form Normalized least-mean-square FIR adaptive filter (NLMS), and Sliding-window Recursive least-squares FIR adaptive filter (SWRLS). The results show how different strategies compare in terms of performance and their influence on recorded waveform quality. The study extends to our understanding of the efficiency of FIR adaptive filter algorithms in decreasing ECG signal noise and helps us better understand their potential uses in ECG signal processing. Based on reliable ECG data, the research findings assist the development of new approaches for diagnosing aberrant cardiac rhythms and examining the origins of chest discomfort. The originality of this work comes in its thorough assessment, comparison, and unique use of Savitzky-Golay filtering techniques inside FIR adaptive filter algorithms, which contributes to the area of ECG signal denoising. According to a comparative investigation, the SWRLS FIR adaptive filter method improves ECG signal denoising by 91.53% noise reduction.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of a 16-FSK modulator and demodulator's performance over a Rician fading channel, which accurately models wireless communication channels with line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight components. The study investigates the impact of various parameters, including the Rician K-factor, Maximum Diffuse Doppler Shift, and Delay Vector, using the MATLAB Simulink communication blockset. The results indicate that increasing the K-factor and delay vector of the channel leads to an improvement in bit error rate. Additionally, it is observed that the maximum diffuse Doppler shift has minimal influence on the bit error rate. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the performance of 16-FSK modulation schemes in Rician fading channels, thereby enhancing the design and deployment of wireless communication systems.

This research investigates the impact of 2G mobile communication signals on human well-being by employing numerical simulations to assess electromagnetic wave absorption and tissue heating within the human skull. Using COMSOL Multiphysics and solving the frequency domain nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equations, we calculate the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) as a measure of energy absorption by the human body when exposed to 2G uplink (890 MHz to 915 MHz) and downlink (935 MHz to 960 MHz) frequencies. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of SAR with varying frequencies and Mica shielding sheet thicknesses, revealing a substantial increase in SAR values as frequency rises. This underscores the significance of material selection and thickness considerations in real-world scenarios involving 2G mobile communications. The SAR has undergone a remarkable reduction of 92.79% at the uplink operating frequency of 900 MHz and a corresponding reduction of 89.91% at the downlink operating frequency of 950 MHz. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers and policymakers concerned with the potential health effects of prolonged exposure to 2G signals, contributing to ongoing discussions regarding the influence of electromagnetic waves on human well-being.

This paper presents the development of a highly efficient CT-PCF (Core-Tune Photonic Crystal Fiber) with substantial birefringence, tailored for applications in high-bit-rate communication and sensing while minimizing signal loss. The design incorporates a modified broadband dispersion compensating structure, optimized for operation across the E, S, C, and L communication bands within a wavelength range spanning 1360 nm to 1625 nm. Notably, the CT-PCF demonstrates a remarkable birefringence of 2.372 × 10 −2 at 1550 nm, surpassing traditional PCF structures. Single-mode performance is evaluated using the Higher Order Mode Extinction Ratio (HOMER) method, revealing a peak HOMER value of 10 4 at 1550 nm.

This paper investigates the design and tuning of a Broadband Dispersion Compensating Modified Honeycomb Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber (MHL-PCF) with outstanding features such as strong birefringence and nonlinearity. The proposed PCF for y polarization exhibits a negative dispersion coefficient of −263.9 ps/(nm-km) at 1.55 µm operating frequency and a high negative dispersion of −652.9 ps/(nm.km) when air filled fraction (dc/Λ) grows from 0.35 to 0.65. Because it is a polarization maintaining fiber, it also exhibits birefringence. At 1.55 µm operating frequency, the suggested fiber exhibits 1.482×10 −2 birefringence. The suggested MHL-PCF has a high nonlinear coefficient of 34.68 W −1 km −1 at the same operating frequency. Numerical aperture is also investigated for MHL-PCF as it influences their light-guiding capabilities, light-coupling efficiency, mode control, dispersion qualities, and sensitivity in sensing applications. The numerical aperture of the proposed MHL-PCF at 1550 nm is 0.4175, demonstrating excellent light-coupling property. The purpose of this research is to satisfy the growing need for improved optical communication systems capable of managing high data rates across long transmission distances. The suggested MHL-PCF structure has distinct features that make it an attractive choice for dispersion correction and nonlinear optical applications.