A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the basionym of ... more A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the basionym of E. purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P. Delforge, the presently accepted name of the taxon.
The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species ... more The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species complexes within the genus Epipactis. Because of the exceptionally high levels of morphological variability and the ability to readily cross with other species, ninety different taxa at various taxonomic ranks have already been described within its nominative subspecies, but the taxonomic status of most of them is uncertain, widely disputed, and sometimes even irrelevant. The present review is based on results of the most recent research devoted to the E. helleborine group taxonomy. In addition, we analysed data about taxa belonging to this group presented in some research articles and monographs devoted directly to the genus Epipactis or to orchids in certain area(s). Based on the reviewed literature and data collected in four taxonomic databases available online, we propose an updated list of the 10 currently accepted taxa in the E. helleborine group (two species, six subspecies, and t...
Epipactis greuteri is an obligate autogamous orchid species. Due to large differences in the inte... more Epipactis greuteri is an obligate autogamous orchid species. Due to large differences in the interpretation of the diagnosis of this species, it is often mistakenly identified by botanists, which results in erroneous information provided in the literature about its distribution in Europe. In the present paper we review its description, including flower details, gynostemium features, and papillae morphology and compare it to E. helleborine, with which it is often confused. Based on thorough study of herbarium material (including holotype and isotype) and field research in Greece, Romania, and Poland, we confirm that gynostemium of E. greuteri has strongly reduced clinandrium and does not produce viscidium. We also discuss taxonomic treatment of E. preinensis and E. flaminia, two recently described taxa related to E. greuteri. The results of genetic analyses, as well as the range of phenotypic variability of E. greuteri individuals from various regions of Europe were presented and dis...
The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts... more The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts of the world. However, fungal communities inhabiting different parts of orchids are not sufficiently described. The aim of the study was to conduct a mycological evaluation of Epipactis helleborine and E. purpurata (Orchidaceae), which grow naturally in Lower Silesia (SW Poland), by identifying the species composition of the culturable micromycetes fungi on the surfaces of the plants and from the inner layers of the tissues. Fungi were identified based on a phenotypic and genotypic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis. This study showed that more species of micromycetes were cultured from E. helleborine compared with E. purpurata. The flowering plants of E. helleborine were inhabited by the largest number of culturable fungal species (13 species), and the fewest species were isolated from the flowering plants of E. purpurata (eight species). Some of these fungal s...
Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneit... more Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneity of genetic material within the shoot apical meristems. The occurrence and manifestation of chimeras in the family Orchidaceae is poorly understood. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to analyze the chimeric phenotype of variegated leaves in wild European orchids and to discuss the taxonomic rank of chimeras. We document the presence of periclinal-mericlinal chimeras in Epipactis purpurata and Cephalanthera damasonium, and discuss the variegated phenotypes in the context of the shoot apical meristem activity. Descriptions of chimeric orchids refer mostly to cultivars and only rarely to wild plants, in which the taxonomic rank of chimeras is uncertain, and not discussed in the literature. Lack of precise rules in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants results in randomness in chimera categorization and taxonomy. In this article, using orchids as our case study, we discuss the problem of chimeras' taxonomic status. Orchid cultivars and in particular their nomenclature are neither studied nor discussed here.
A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska... more A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Busse f. nova, with variegated leaves, is described and illustrated from Lower Silesia, Poland.
A new natural hybrid Epipactis ¥ subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipa... more A new natural hybrid Epipactis ¥ subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipactis albensis ¥ Epipactis purpurata) is described and documented from the province of Lower Silesia (SW Poland). The hybrid's morphological characteristics are compared with those of the parental species.
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in tax... more The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genusEpipactisZinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the speciesEpipactis purpurataSm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement....
The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species ... more The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species complexes within the genus Epipactis. Because of the exceptionally high levels of morphological variability and the ability to readily cross with other species, ninety different taxa at various taxonomic ranks have already been described within its nominative subspecies, but the taxonomic status of most of them is uncertain, widely disputed, and sometimes even irrelevant. The present review is based on results of the most recent research devoted to the E. helleborine group taxonomy. In addition, we analysed data about taxa belonging to this group presented in some research articles and monographs devoted directly to the genus Epipactis or to orchids in certain area(s). Based on the reviewed literature and data collected in four taxonomic databases Available Online, we propose an updated list of the 10 currently accepted taxa in the E. helleborine group (two species, six subspecies, and ...
The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts... more The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts of the world. However, fungal communities inhabiting different parts of orchids are not sufficiently described. The aim of the study was to conduct a mycological evaluation of Epipactis helleborine and E. purpurata (Orchidaceae), which grow naturally in Lower Silesia (SW Poland), by identifying the species composition of the culturable micromycetes fungi on the surfaces of the plants and from the inner layers of the tissues. Fungi were identified based on a phenotypic and genotypic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis. This study showed that more species of micromycetes were cultured from E. helleborine compared with E. purpurata. The flowering plants of E. helleborine were inhabited by the largest number of culturable fungal species (13 species), and the fewest species were isolated from the flowering plants of E. purpurata (eight species). Some of these fungal species may be pathogens of the plants. The surface tissues of the orchids were mainly inhabited by Mucor moelleri and/or Penicillium biourgeianum. The inner layers of these plants were the most colonized by Alternaria tenuissima and/or Arthrinium arundinis and/or Fusarium sporotrichioides. The relative dominance of these fungal species depended mainly on the development phase of the plants.
Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneit... more Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneity of genetic material within the shoot apical meristems. The occurrence and manifestation of chimeras in the family Orchidaceae is poorly understood. Therefore , the aims of the present study were to analyze the chimeric phenotype of variegated leaves in wild European orchids and to discuss the taxonomic rank of chimeras. We document the presence of periclinal-mericlinal chimeras in Epipactis purpurata and Cephalanthera damasonium, and discuss the variegated phenotypes in the context of the shoot apical meristem activity. Descriptions of chimeric orchids refer mostly to cultivars and only rarely to wild plants, in which the taxonomic rank of chimeras is uncertain, and not discussed in the literature. Lack of precise rules in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants results in randomness in chimera categorization and taxonomy. In this article, using orchids as our case study, we discuss the problem of chimeras' taxonomic status. Orchid cultivars and in particular their nomenclature are neither studied nor discussed here.
A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Bus... more A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Busse f. nova, with variegated leaves is described and illustrated from Lower Silesia, Poland.
A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the of E. purpur... more A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the of E. purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P.Delforge, the presently accepted name of the taxon.
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in tax... more The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the species Epipactis purpurata Sm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity in E. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genus Epipactis.
A new natural hybrid Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipac... more A new natural hybrid Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipactis albensis × Epipactis purpurata) was described and documented from the province of Lower Silesia (SW Poland). The hybrid's morphological characteristics are compared with those of the parental species.
A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the basionym of ... more A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the basionym of E. purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P. Delforge, the presently accepted name of the taxon.
The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species ... more The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species complexes within the genus Epipactis. Because of the exceptionally high levels of morphological variability and the ability to readily cross with other species, ninety different taxa at various taxonomic ranks have already been described within its nominative subspecies, but the taxonomic status of most of them is uncertain, widely disputed, and sometimes even irrelevant. The present review is based on results of the most recent research devoted to the E. helleborine group taxonomy. In addition, we analysed data about taxa belonging to this group presented in some research articles and monographs devoted directly to the genus Epipactis or to orchids in certain area(s). Based on the reviewed literature and data collected in four taxonomic databases available online, we propose an updated list of the 10 currently accepted taxa in the E. helleborine group (two species, six subspecies, and t...
Epipactis greuteri is an obligate autogamous orchid species. Due to large differences in the inte... more Epipactis greuteri is an obligate autogamous orchid species. Due to large differences in the interpretation of the diagnosis of this species, it is often mistakenly identified by botanists, which results in erroneous information provided in the literature about its distribution in Europe. In the present paper we review its description, including flower details, gynostemium features, and papillae morphology and compare it to E. helleborine, with which it is often confused. Based on thorough study of herbarium material (including holotype and isotype) and field research in Greece, Romania, and Poland, we confirm that gynostemium of E. greuteri has strongly reduced clinandrium and does not produce viscidium. We also discuss taxonomic treatment of E. preinensis and E. flaminia, two recently described taxa related to E. greuteri. The results of genetic analyses, as well as the range of phenotypic variability of E. greuteri individuals from various regions of Europe were presented and dis...
The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts... more The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts of the world. However, fungal communities inhabiting different parts of orchids are not sufficiently described. The aim of the study was to conduct a mycological evaluation of Epipactis helleborine and E. purpurata (Orchidaceae), which grow naturally in Lower Silesia (SW Poland), by identifying the species composition of the culturable micromycetes fungi on the surfaces of the plants and from the inner layers of the tissues. Fungi were identified based on a phenotypic and genotypic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis. This study showed that more species of micromycetes were cultured from E. helleborine compared with E. purpurata. The flowering plants of E. helleborine were inhabited by the largest number of culturable fungal species (13 species), and the fewest species were isolated from the flowering plants of E. purpurata (eight species). Some of these fungal s...
Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneit... more Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneity of genetic material within the shoot apical meristems. The occurrence and manifestation of chimeras in the family Orchidaceae is poorly understood. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to analyze the chimeric phenotype of variegated leaves in wild European orchids and to discuss the taxonomic rank of chimeras. We document the presence of periclinal-mericlinal chimeras in Epipactis purpurata and Cephalanthera damasonium, and discuss the variegated phenotypes in the context of the shoot apical meristem activity. Descriptions of chimeric orchids refer mostly to cultivars and only rarely to wild plants, in which the taxonomic rank of chimeras is uncertain, and not discussed in the literature. Lack of precise rules in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants results in randomness in chimera categorization and taxonomy. In this article, using orchids as our case study, we discuss the problem of chimeras' taxonomic status. Orchid cultivars and in particular their nomenclature are neither studied nor discussed here.
A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska... more A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Busse f. nova, with variegated leaves, is described and illustrated from Lower Silesia, Poland.
A new natural hybrid Epipactis ¥ subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipa... more A new natural hybrid Epipactis ¥ subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipactis albensis ¥ Epipactis purpurata) is described and documented from the province of Lower Silesia (SW Poland). The hybrid's morphological characteristics are compared with those of the parental species.
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in tax... more The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genusEpipactisZinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the speciesEpipactis purpurataSm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement....
The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species ... more The Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz group is one of the most taxonomically challenging species complexes within the genus Epipactis. Because of the exceptionally high levels of morphological variability and the ability to readily cross with other species, ninety different taxa at various taxonomic ranks have already been described within its nominative subspecies, but the taxonomic status of most of them is uncertain, widely disputed, and sometimes even irrelevant. The present review is based on results of the most recent research devoted to the E. helleborine group taxonomy. In addition, we analysed data about taxa belonging to this group presented in some research articles and monographs devoted directly to the genus Epipactis or to orchids in certain area(s). Based on the reviewed literature and data collected in four taxonomic databases Available Online, we propose an updated list of the 10 currently accepted taxa in the E. helleborine group (two species, six subspecies, and ...
The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts... more The Orchidaceae family is a diverse family of flowering plants that occur naturally in most parts of the world. However, fungal communities inhabiting different parts of orchids are not sufficiently described. The aim of the study was to conduct a mycological evaluation of Epipactis helleborine and E. purpurata (Orchidaceae), which grow naturally in Lower Silesia (SW Poland), by identifying the species composition of the culturable micromycetes fungi on the surfaces of the plants and from the inner layers of the tissues. Fungi were identified based on a phenotypic and genotypic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first such analysis. This study showed that more species of micromycetes were cultured from E. helleborine compared with E. purpurata. The flowering plants of E. helleborine were inhabited by the largest number of culturable fungal species (13 species), and the fewest species were isolated from the flowering plants of E. purpurata (eight species). Some of these fungal species may be pathogens of the plants. The surface tissues of the orchids were mainly inhabited by Mucor moelleri and/or Penicillium biourgeianum. The inner layers of these plants were the most colonized by Alternaria tenuissima and/or Arthrinium arundinis and/or Fusarium sporotrichioides. The relative dominance of these fungal species depended mainly on the development phase of the plants.
Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneit... more Leaf variegation is a well-known illustration of chimerism in plants, resulting from heterogeneity of genetic material within the shoot apical meristems. The occurrence and manifestation of chimeras in the family Orchidaceae is poorly understood. Therefore , the aims of the present study were to analyze the chimeric phenotype of variegated leaves in wild European orchids and to discuss the taxonomic rank of chimeras. We document the presence of periclinal-mericlinal chimeras in Epipactis purpurata and Cephalanthera damasonium, and discuss the variegated phenotypes in the context of the shoot apical meristem activity. Descriptions of chimeric orchids refer mostly to cultivars and only rarely to wild plants, in which the taxonomic rank of chimeras is uncertain, and not discussed in the literature. Lack of precise rules in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants results in randomness in chimera categorization and taxonomy. In this article, using orchids as our case study, we discuss the problem of chimeras' taxonomic status. Orchid cultivars and in particular their nomenclature are neither studied nor discussed here.
A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Bus... more A new infraspecific taxon in Orchidaceae, Epipactis purpurata f. variegata Żołubak & Jakubska-Busse f. nova, with variegated leaves is described and illustrated from Lower Silesia, Poland.
A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the of E. purpur... more A neotype is designated for Epipactis violacea f. chlorophylla Seeland, which is the of E. purpurata f. chlorophylla (Seeland) P.Delforge, the presently accepted name of the taxon.
The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in tax... more The selection and validation of proper distinguishing characters are of crucial importance in taxonomic revisions. The modern classifications of orchids utilize the molecular tools, but still the selection and identification of the material used in these studies is for the most part related to general species morphology. One of the vegetative characters quoted in orchid manuals is leaf arrangement. However, phyllotactic diversity and ontogenetic changeability have not been analysed in detail in reference to particular taxonomic groups. Therefore, we evaluated the usefulness of leaf arrangements in the taxonomy of the genus Epipactis Zinn, 1757. Typical leaf arrangements in shoots of this genus are described as distichous or spiral. However, in the course of field research and screening of herbarium materials, we indisputably disproved the presence of distichous phyllotaxis in the species Epipactis purpurata Sm. and confirmed the spiral Fibonacci pattern as the dominant leaf arrangement. In addition, detailed analyses revealed the presence of atypical decussate phyllotaxis in this species, as well as demonstrated the ontogenetic formation of pseudowhorls. These findings confirm ontogenetic variability and plasticity in E. purpurata. Our results are discussed in the context of their significance in delimitations of complex taxa within the genus Epipactis.
A new natural hybrid Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipac... more A new natural hybrid Epipactis ×subtilis Jakubska-Busse, Żołubak & Łobas, hybr. nat. nov. (Epipactis albensis × Epipactis purpurata) was described and documented from the province of Lower Silesia (SW Poland). The hybrid's morphological characteristics are compared with those of the parental species.
Uploads
Papers by Zbigniew Łobas