Papers by Krzysztof Świerkosz
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2018
AimRevisits of non‐permanent, relocatable plots first surveyed several decades ago offer a direct... more AimRevisits of non‐permanent, relocatable plots first surveyed several decades ago offer a direct way to observe vegetation change and form a unique and increasingly used source of information for global change research. Despite the important insights that can be obtained from resurveying these quasi‐permanent vegetation plots, their use is prone to both observer and relocation errors. Studying the combined effects of both error types is important since they will play out together in practice and it is yet unknown to what extent observed vegetation changes are influenced by these errors.MethodsWe designed a study that mimicked all steps in a resurvey study and that allowed determination of the magnitude of observer errors only vs the joint observer and relocation errors. Communities of vascular plants growing in the understorey of temperate forests were selected as study system. Ten regions in Europe were covered to explore generality across contexts and 50 observers were involved, ...
Ecology Letters, 2021
Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are ... more Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller‐ by larger‐ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient‐demanding species, with species from nutrient‐rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller‐ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community‐scale turnover to ma...
Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2020
he biological diversity on Earth is changing owing to human activities. At the global scale, spec... more he biological diversity on Earth is changing owing to human activities. At the global scale, species are going extinct at rates that signal a mass extinction 1,2,3. Per contra, at local scales, whether or not diversity is declining is controversial. Time-series studies find that sites may gain or lose species with no directional global trend 4-6. Space-for-time comparisons find substantial losses in local diversity globally owing to human land use 7. While spatial comparisons are criticized for neglecting the fact that community dynamics are much slower than the speed of environmental changes 8 , time-series studies are challenged for not being spatially representative of human land-use effects 6,9,10. Yet even in relatively intact places and independent from changes in local diversity, species seem to be replacing each other more rapidly than predicted from only natural changes 5,11. These local-scale replacements alone
Phytocoenologia, 2018
Aims: To identify the beech forest types in southwestern Poland and the main environmental gradie... more Aims: To identify the beech forest types in southwestern Poland and the main environmental gradients affecting their species composition. Study area: SW Poland. Methods: Vegetation types of beech forests were identified using the modified TWINSPAN algorithm, whereas unconstrained (DCA) and constrained (CCA) ordination methods were applied to identify the main environmental gradients shaping the plant communities. An initial dataset of 920 phytosociological relevés collected by the authors was numerically classified and geographically stratified and the resulting dataset of 670 relevés was subjected to further analyzes. Results: We distinguished eight vegetation units identified as the associations Calamagrostio arundinaceae-Fagetum sylvaticae Sýkora 1971, Deschampsio flexuosae-Fagetum sylvaticae Schröder 1938, Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum sylvaticae Meusel 1937, Calamagrostio villosae-Fagetum sylvaticae Mikyška 1972, Poo chaixii-Fagetum sylvaticae Šomšák 1979, Cephalanthero damasonii-Fagetum sylvaticae Oberdorfer 1957, Galio odorati-Fagetum sylvaticae Sougnez et Thill 1959 and Hordelymo europaei-Fagetum sylvaticae Kuhn 1937. The species composition is mainly influenced by elevation-related temperature gradient and the type of bedrock. The observed environmental patterns were further supported by the significant differences in Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction and temperature among the syntaxa. Conclusions: Our study provides a new survey of beech forest vegetation in southwestern Poland. The vegetation units defined by unsupervised numerical classification correspond to current classifications of Central European beech forests. They are distributed over the same range of environmental conditions as throughout the rest of Central Europe, while they also reflect the local floristic and environmental patterns
Landscape Research, 2018
Using the concept of landscape memory we examined the relationship between persistence of anthrop... more Using the concept of landscape memory we examined the relationship between persistence of anthropogenic landforms and their botanical composition several decades after depopulation of Karpno village (Sudetes Mts), which represents the socioeconomic and ecological processes typical for mountainous areas in postwar Central Europe. The research was based on geomorphic and botanical field surveys. Evidence of anthropogenic landscape memory still persists in local land morphology and ecosystem composition, despite the apparent homogeneity of large-scale landscape features. Former human activities continue to affect local site properties, which results in a mosaic of diverse habitats. Plant species composition of secondary ecosystems remains different from both their anthropogenic precursors and surrounding natural communities. Persistent habitat eutrophication slows down competitive exclusion of shade intolerant species in sites overgrown by forest canopy. Observed evidence cannot be explained without knowledge of local history, which is vital for planning development and conservation of bio-cultural landscapes.
Cryptogamie, Mycologie, 2017
Abstract In this new series of Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, the authors describe ten Basidiomyce... more Abstract In this new series of Fungal Biodiversity Profiles, the authors describe ten Basidiomycetes, one recombination and nine taxa new to science, using both morphological and molecular data. Descriptions are provided for Craterellus parvogriseus sp. nov. (Cantharellales); for Lactifluus maenanensis sp. nov., Russula albidogrisea sp. nov., R. aureorubra sp. nov., R. aureoviridis sp. nov., R. obscuricolor sp. nov. and R. pauriensis sp. nov. (Russulales), for Xerocomus reticulostipitatus sp. nov. (Boletales) and for Leucocybe houghtonii comb. nov. and Amanita rajendrae sp. nov. (Agaricales).
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2017
Our paper presents a comparison of historical data concerning the distribution of forest communit... more Our paper presents a comparison of historical data concerning the distribution of forest communities in the Sowie Mountains in southwestern Poland in 1968-71 with material collected by the authors between 2009 and 2013. The analyses were performed using geographic information system software. The archival vegetation maps were digitized, and the layer of the current distribution of forest communities was applied afterward. Archival data indicated that, in the study area, spruce monocultures of anthropogenic character predominated, occupying 90% of forest area. The obtained results suggest that regular forest management conducted within the study area has surprisingly contributed to an increase in the area of forest communities of the Querco-Fagetea class from 766 to 1,579 ha (more than 100%) over the last 45 years. The largest rise in the area of studied communities was observed on meso-oligotrophic habitats, and was reflected in the increase of the area of acidophilous beech forests, representing Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum association (habitat 9110 protected in the European Union), from 168 ha to1,064 ha. There was a minor decrease in the area of submontane riparian forests Carici remotae-Fraxinetum (habitat 91E0); the area of mesotrophic beech forests Galio odorati-Fagetum (habitat 9130) seems to be stable. Approximately 72% of deciduous forests in the study area have retained their spatial cover for 45 years. The newly created forest communities are deprived of a number of essential elements of the structure, primarily dead wood, including lying trunks and trees. The lack of these features does not allow us to assess the status of these ecosystems as entirely satisfactory. However, the possibility of converting Picea abies monocultures in deciduous forests of the Querco-Fagetea class under regular forest management should be considered beneficial to the conservation status of forest ecosystems of mountain areas of Central Europe.
Abstract: Between 2011 and 2012 from all sites in the Sudetes on which Calamagrostio villosae-Pic... more Abstract: Between 2011 and 2012 from all sites in the Sudetes on which Calamagrostio villosae-Piceetum has been reported so far, 56 relevés were collected according to Braun-Blanquet approach. Collected material enabled us to compare the floristic compositions of the Norway spruce forests from the Karkonosze Mts, the Śnieżnik Massif, the Orlickie Mts, the Izerskie Mts, Wielka Sowa Mt. and the highest part of the Stołowe Mts. The results of analyses revealed that the area of Calamagrostio villosae-Piceeteum is limited to the highest part of the Sudetes and the association is well developed only in the Karkonosze Mts and the Śnieżnik Massif, with exception of single locality in the Izerskie Mts (the Płonka stream valley). The diagnostic species of this association are Homogyne alpina, Plagiothecium undulatum, Sorbus aucuparia var. glabrata, Rumex alpestris, Athyrium distentifolium, Polygonum bistorta, Gentiana asclepiadea and the differentiating species are Trientalis europaea, Polytr...
Ungulate herbivore populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for fores... more Ungulate herbivore populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophy forests, threatening many rare plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites in 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Changes in herbivory increased temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended strongly on N levels. Under low level N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species, while reducing non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exac...
Vegetation Classification and Survey
"VESTA-resurvey of natural, non-forest vegetation (Central Europe)" is a thematic, resurvey datab... more "VESTA-resurvey of natural, non-forest vegetation (Central Europe)" is a thematic, resurvey database focused on documentation of changes in natural, non-forest communities. Currently, the database includes 549 relevés (231 replots for 84 sites) corresponding to the classes Asplenietea trichomanis (incl. Polypodietea), Koelerio-Corynephoretea (rocky grasslands), Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea and Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis. The project is continuous in character. It is based on the phytosociological relevés from own field studies which have been carried out in the Sudetes Mts. and their foothills since 1989. The subject of research have been all types of rocky communities (chasmophytic, grasslands, thickets), mountain and submountain tall-herb communities, subalpine thickets and heathlands. Relevés are collected according to the standard Braun-Blanquet method (species coverage scale: r, +, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and on rectangular or square-shaped surfaces with possible adjustment to the shape of the rocky outcrops. Initially (until 2008), the location of plots was marked on maps and field sketches. However, the fact that all relevés were collected by the owners of the database made it easier to revisit all plots and assigned a location compatible with GPS with SiRFstar III chipset. The accuracy of position measurements varies between 2 and 15 meters (on average 10 meters). Aspect is determined using electronic compass linked to GPS. Altitude is obtained from Google Earth and corrected with landmarks from topographical maps if necessary. The shading of the plots has been visually assessed so far. The bedrock type is derived from a Detailed Geological Map of the Sudetes (http://sudety.pgi.gov.pl/). Subsequent resurveys of the plots are conducted during field visits planned specifically for this purpose or during other research carried out in the same area.
Forests
The herb layer of temperate forests contributes to long-term forest ecosystem functioning and pro... more The herb layer of temperate forests contributes to long-term forest ecosystem functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services. Therefore, a thorough understanding of its dynamics in the face of environmental changes is essential. This paper focuses on the species and functional diversity of the herb layer of riparian forests to verify how these two community components changed over time and under strict protection. The understory vegetation was surveyed on 42 semi-permanent plots in three time periods between 1960 and 2020. The overall pattern in vegetation changes that related to species richness and diversity, functional structure, and habitat conditions was analyzed using ordination and permutation techniques. We found significant changes in species composition and the functional structure of herbaceous vegetation over the last six decades. Forests were enriched with nutrient-demanding and alien species. A significant increase in functional diversity and the proportion of spec...
Vegetation Classification and Survey, 2022
Aims: To describe the compositional and ecological diversity of Mulgedio-Aconitetea communities i... more Aims: To describe the compositional and ecological diversity of Mulgedio-Aconitetea communities in the Sudetes Mts. and their foothills. Study area: The Sudetes Mts. (Southwestern Poland). Methods: A total of 399 vegetation relevés from own field studies and the literature were sorted into groups that match the higher syntaxa of the EuroVegChecklist and associations described in the literature. Diagnostic species of the so delimited associations were determined with the phi-coefficient of association, and maps of the associations produced. Direct ordination methods were applied to identify the main environmental gradients shaping the plant communities. Results: We distinguished nine associations, belonging to four alliances: submontane and colline communities (Petasition officinalis: Geranio phaei-Urticetum dioicae, Petasitetum hybridi, Chaerophyllo hirsuti-Petasitetum albi, Prenanthetum purpureae), upper montane nitrophilous communities (Rumicion alpini: Rumicetum alpini); subalpin...
Diversity, 2021
The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in ... more The aim of present study was to determine the role of secondary, serpentine forests in Poland in the protection of rare vascular plant species. On the basis of 95 phytosociological releves collected between 2009 and 2020, we identified the main types of serpentine forest communities and assessed their diversity indices. Ordination methods were used to determine the relationship between the degree of transformation of forest communities (reflected by the occurrence of alien and nitrophilic species) and the presence of endangered species in their undergrowth including the environmental background. We distinguished four types of communities: thermophilic and mesophilic pine plantations (both secondary in origin) as well as thermophilous oak forest and acidophilous oak–hornbeam forest (semi-natural and close to natural in character, respectively). Rare and endangered species were unevenly distributed and concentrated in oak forest (16 species) and thermophilic pine plantation (nine spec...
Science, 2020
Local factors restrain forest warming Microclimates are key to understanding how organisms and ec... more Local factors restrain forest warming Microclimates are key to understanding how organisms and ecosystems respond to macroclimate change, yet they are frequently neglected when studying biotic responses to global change. Zellweger et al. provide a long-term, continental-scale assessment of the effects of micro- and macroclimate on the community composition of European forests (see the Perspective by Lembrechts and Nijs). They show that changes in forest canopy cover are fundamentally important for driving community responses to climate change. Closed canopies buffer against the effects of macroclimatic change through their cooling effect, slowing shifts in community composition, whereas open canopies tend to accelerate community change through local heating effects. Science , this issue p. 772 ; see also p. 711
Diversity, 2019
In the face of a rapidly changing global environment, detailed research into the actual role of p... more In the face of a rapidly changing global environment, detailed research into the actual role of protected areas (PAs) in preventing the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity became particularly important. Using 304 phytosociological relevés of oak forests from SW Poland, we monitored their state of preservation reflected by the share of synanthropes (Ws-c index) in relation to (i) duration of protection, (ii) status of protected area, (iii) main topographic factors, and (iv) bedrock type. We show that the Ws-c index of studied forests depends primarily on the habitat conditions, especially bedrock type, while both the duration and status of protection are not relevant. The most disturbed are forests developing on serpentine substrates regardless of whether they are protected or not. Within the rest of the investigated sites, the Ws-c index is significantly lower and does not meaningfully differ between protected and unprotected areas. On the one hand, our results su...
IAVS Bulletin, 2018
The IAVS Annual Symposium in 2018 took place in Bozeman, the Bear Country Montana. Many thanks to... more The IAVS Annual Symposium in 2018 took place in Bozeman, the Bear Country Montana. Many thanks to Dave W. Roberts, Peter R. Minchin, and the local team of organizers for their perfect job, hospitability and all the knowledge shared with the participants! Special thanks for the wonderful excursions and a careful protection against all possible threats of the local environment! I am sure I am not the only one grateful for the opportunity to participate on such a great Symposium. This is manifested by plenty of pictures I received from the Symposium participants. They will grace several next issues of our Bulletin.
Global change biology, Apr 22, 2017
The contemporary state of functional traits and species richness in plant communities depends on ... more The contemporary state of functional traits and species richness in plant communities depends on legacy effects of past disturbances. Whether temporal responses of community properties to current environmental changes are altered by such legacies is, however, unknown. We expect global environmental changes to interact with land-use legacies given different community trajectories initiated by prior management, and subsequent responses to altered resources and conditions. We tested this expectation for species richness and functional traits using 1814 survey-resurvey plot pairs of understorey communities from 40 European temperate forest datasets, syntheses of management transitions since the year 1800, and a trait database. We also examined how plant community indicators of resources and conditions changed in response to management legacies and environmental change. Community trajectories were clearly influenced by interactions between management legacies from over 200 years ago and ...
BioScience, 2016
More and more ecologists have started to resurvey communities sampled in earlier decades to deter... more More and more ecologists have started to resurvey communities sampled in earlier decades to determine long-term shifts in community composition and infer the likely drivers of the ecological changes observed. However, to assess the relative importance of and interactions among multiple drivers, joint analyses of resurvey data from many regions spanning large environmental gradients are needed. In this article, we illustrate how combining resurvey data from multiple regions can increase the likelihood of driver orthogonality within the design and show that repeatedly surveying across multiple regions provides higher representativeness and comprehensiveness, allowing us to answer more completely a broader range of questions. We provide general guidelines to aid the implementation of multiregion resurvey databases. In so doing, we aim to encourage resurvey database development across other community types and biomes to advance global environmental change research.
Geoheritage, 2016
The Muskau Arch Geopark, situated on the Polish-German border, belongs to the UNESCO Global Geopa... more The Muskau Arch Geopark, situated on the Polish-German border, belongs to the UNESCO Global Geopark Network and is a model example that allows for the examination of the relationship between geo-and biodiversity as present in preservation, tourism, and management. In this area, there are 31 geotopes representing both natural geological processes as well as remnants of the cultural heritage associated with the region's industrial history. The geodiversity of the area is well-documented, while data on its biodiversity are rudimentary. Attaining a supplement was the one of the aims of this study. In the Polish part of the geopark, besides objects of geological heritage, nine types of natural habitats were found, which contained 634 species of vascular plants; 220 fungi species; 76 lichens; 42 species of amphibians, reptiles and mammals; and 146 species of birds. Spatial analysis revealed that 54.2 % and 53.8 % of the recognized valuable plant and animal sites, respectively, are located less than 1 km from the nearest geotope and nearly 100 % of these sites are located within 5 km of one. In the area of the Muskau Arch Geopark, geodiversity and biodiversity values are of equal importance, yet they are separated at the landscape scale. The majority of valuable geoheritage geotopes are the result of previous anthropogenic activities. However, contemporary areas of high natural value are parts of previously existing ecosystems of a natural or semi-natural character, coming from the period before the mining of mineral deposits by humans. A more integrated approach to conservation would benefit both the biodiversity and geodiversity of the Muskau Arch Geopark, would be of interest to tourists, and would increase the scientific and educational attractiveness of the region.
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2015
In this study, we examine the pattern of occurrence of <em>Impatiens parviflora</em> ... more In this study, we examine the pattern of occurrence of <em>Impatiens parviflora</em> in Central European oak forests over time and its ecological requirements within these types of communities. Research was based on phytosociological data collected in 3776 relevés. A modified TWINSPAN algorithm were used to distinguish the groups of oak forests. The ecological preferences of the <em>I. parviflora</em> and studied communities as well as differences between invaded and non-invaded vegetation plots were analyzed using mean weighted Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs). Finally, both the temporal pattern of <em>I. parviflora</em> participation and changes in its coverage in the studied communities were analyzed. Our study confirmed a high adaptability of this species with respect to temperature, moisture, soil reaction and nutrients and determined its broad ecological optimum in oak forests. However, it also revealed both a greater sensitivity of some co...
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Papers by Krzysztof Świerkosz
of the species; 73 of them were confirmed in the 21st c. Consequently, nearly 20% of the species’ localities in the Sudetes disappeared, or the abundance of the plant decreased drastically, rendering its finding difficult. The localities in deep and shady gorges with specific montane microclimate (especially in the Stołowe and Orlickie Mts, as well as in the valleys of Pełcznica and Szczawnik, and in Myśliborski Gorge), associated with slope forests of the association Tilio-Acerion seem to be the best preserved. The localities in rich beech forests, which constitute most of the records not confirmed, are more prone to disappearance. Forest management uncovering the forest floor (clear-felling) and quarrying (2 documented sites) may have contributed to the decline. The relatively narrow ecological amplitude of Polystichum aculeatum may increase the vulnerability of the species in case of further increase in annual temperatures and repeated, long-lasting
droughts associated with anthropogenic disturbance of climate.
variegatum was never a natural component of the Sudetic flora, and all its occurrences are associated with secondary habitats, with the preference for abandoned limestone and marble quarries. The westward expansion of the species’ range is probably also associated with climate changes, since also other Carpathian species, such as Epilobium dodonaei, are showing the same tendency.
trichomanis class as a whole. It is especially abundant in phytocoenoses belonging to the Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris alliance and dominating in Hypno-Polypodietum associations, in which it reaches the highest coverage (10% up to 80%). The results indicate that the most important factors which determine the occurrence of P. vulgare in rocky communities are the type of the geological substrate (non-calcareous rocks) and shade, generally exceeding 60%. Occurrence of Polypodium ×mantoniae
has been confirmed so far in the phytocoenoses belonging to the association Asplenio-Polypodietum and Asplenietum cuneifolii. It may occur in ass. Woodsio-Asplenietum septentrionalis as well.
Asplenium adulterinum is an allotetraploid species (2n = 144) which is originated from a hybrid of the diploid (2n = 72) species A. trichomanes and A. viride (Lovis and Reichstein 1968, Reichstein 1984).
Ladder spleenwort was included in the list of species, which has been proposed by Poland to expand the appendix II of the Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC Directive) as Species of Community Interest whose conservation requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation. It also listed in Annex IV between plans species need of strict protection in all European Union country. From this reason in Poland law Asplenium adulterinum is listed as species which not only need protection, but also establishing of special protection zone around the each locality is necessary.
on it: Asplenium septentrionale, Polypodium vulgare, and two species from Woodsia genus, Woodsia ilvensis and W. alpina.
The growth and development of six fern species on modified 1/2
MS gave the best results in terms of fresh weight of gametophytes,
which had typical shape and formed many primary and secondary
gametophytes. When the sucrose concentration in the medium was between 20 and 30 g l"1 the fresh weight of Asplenium adulterinum and Polypodium vulgare gametophytes was higher. Decreasing the sucrose concentration (0.5 and 10 g l"1) reduced the fresh weight and size of gametophytes. A high sucrose dose (40 g l"1) diminished the growth of gametophytes without causing discoloration or decay. The influence of glucose, fructose, mannose, sucrose, maltose and lactose at 0.087 M concentration on the growth and development of the gametophytes was studied. Every fern species had the highest fresh mass increase and the largest gametophytes on medium with the addition of sucrose. Fructose turned out to be the most toxic.
134 individuals. The second locality was discovered in the £omniczka Cirque (Karkonosze Mts). The fern was a component of hygrophilous tall-herb communities of the Adenostylion
alliariae alliance. This population is very small containing only 3 individuals. Phytocoenoses from both localities are documented in 3 relevés. Both populations occur in habitats which were transformed due to human activity. This finding confirms that rare and endangered plant species can be maintained in some anthropogenic habitats. The locality in the abandoned quarry in Radomice is threatened with natural succession and should
be regularly grazed, while population in the £omniczka Cirque seems not to be threatened with anthropopressure, however a dense cover of vegetation and small number of individuals can affect a Botrychium lunaria population."
Zusammenfassung
Die Stelle von Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum im Naturschutzgebiet „Geiersberg”(Radunia) galt bis Mitte der 90er Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts als ausgestorben, und als einzig erhaltene
Stelle im Massiv des Zobtenberges (Masyw Ślęży) wurde die Stelle auf dem Weinberg (Gozdnik) anerkannt. Die Felduntersuchungen, die man im Jahr 2009 durchgeführt hat,haben das Vorhandensein der kritisch gefährdeter in Polen Art von Farn in dem Naturschutzgebiet bestätigt.
Conclusions
Nature reserves fulfilled their role during studied period of time
in terms of species composition. However, conducted analyses suggest that some changes in habitat conditions occur within protected areas and the application of active management may be necessary in the future.
Results suggest that the most serious threat to thermophilous forests within nature reserves is not decreasing light availability but eutrophication caused probably by the accumulation of organic matter, high game density and/or air pollution.
Changes in habitat conditions within all studied objects did not cause the loss of species diversity.
numerous high mountain species. Ass. Prenanthetum purpureae Bolleter 1921 – the most commonly described from the Sudetes; it accompanies partly shaded streams. In the studied area it is rich in montane species (such as Aconitum variegatum, Cicerbita alpina, Campanula latifolia, Delphinium elatum or Lonicera nigra). Comm. Petasites hybridus-Primula elatior prov. Świerkosz and Reczyńska 2012 represents communities with the dominance of Petasites hybridus; they differ from their lowland and submontane counterparts in the small proportion of nitrophilous species. Comm. Polygonatum verticillatum-Ranunculus platanifolius – this community, which is impossible to classify unequivocally, is intermediate between typical communities of Mulgedio-Aconietetea and clear-felling communities. The results indicate that, contrary to the widespread opinion, the montane tall-herb communities in the Sudetes are poorly known and their diversity requires further studies.
Erigeron annuus), but their spread is hampered by regular mowing and grazing.
“Uroczysko Obiszów” on Wzgórza Dalkowskie Hills (Wzgórza Trzebnicko-
Ostrzeszowskie Hills, Lower Silesia). A full index of plants recorded in the
reserve comprises 217 species. The most interesting include Epipactis albensis and five montane species: Senecio fuchsii, Dryopteris dilatata, Sambucus racemosa, Prenanthes purpurea, Valeriana sambucifolia. Lycopodium annotinum, which was noted in 1973 is extinct. Four plant communities occur here, i.e. oak-hornbeam forest (Galio sylvatici-Carpinetum), alder forest (Fraxino-Alnetum), soft water streams’ community of Caricetum remotae and grass-sedges community with Carex acutiformis. The oak-horbnbeamforest, which covers about 90% of an area, is very well preserved and is the most valuable community in the reserve “Uroczysko Obiszów”."
remotae–Fraxinetum, Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum, Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum, comm. of all. Pruno-Rubion fruticosi and comm. Petasites hybridus-Primula elatior). Forest communities
(Carici remotae–Fraxinetum, Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum, Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum) cover about 20% of the whole area. The rest is covered by spruce and mixed anthropogenic forest under strong forestry impact. Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum dominate
among the recognised forest communities. It covers 84% while the proportion of the remaining communities (Carici remotae–Fraxinetum, Dentario enneaphylli-Fagetum) is about 8% of the area each.
Knautia arvensis, Genista tinctoria, Galium album, Veronica austriaca, Coronilla varia, Origanum vulgare and Cerastium arvense (IVth class of frequency). Therefore, the syntaxonomic position of this community is still unclear. On one hand, on the basis of the analysed phytosociological material, the hypothesis that it forms the warmest part of communities within Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class cannot be completely excluded. On the other hand, its membership of a Bromion erectii alliance is currently far better documented.
Thermophilous grasslands presented in this paper are in unfavourable conservation status and they are threatened by natural succession. Therefore, it is necessary to start the active protection, which will help to keep these incredibly interesting communities which are one of the key issues of protection in Natura 2000 PLH020034 „Dobromierz” site.
plants survived."
species has many potential localities where it may be found in the future and confirms the role of former, offshoot oak forests play in the preservation of the area’s biodiversity
of basidium fungi (Clathrus archeri, Fistulina hepatica, Geastrum saccatum, Lycoperdon echinatum, Porphyrellus porphyrosporus, Ramaria botrytis, Sparassis brevipes, Strobilomyces strobilaceus, Suillus cavipes, Xerocomus rubellus). For forest habitats, phytosociological documentation which provides new information on the habitats of
individual species is given.
Tilietum, Mercuriali-Fraxinetum and Cephalanthero-Fagetum), often subject to passive protection and in a satisfactory conservation state, suggesting that in the studied area the fungi of the genus are important indicators of a good state of preservation of forest habitats and deserve protection at a regional scale.
Phallales) in Niederschlesien.
Zusammenfassung
Diese Arbeit enthält eine Beschreibung von 14 neuen Stellen vom Tintenfischpilz Clathrus archeri (Berk.) Dring in Niederschlesien, zusammen mit der biologisch-ökologischen Charakteristik der Art. Man fasste zusammen und verifizierte die verfügbaren Angaben über seine Verteilung, und verwies auf den Eingang in die natürliche Pflanzengesellschaften einschließlich in die sauren Eichen-Gebirgswälder Luzulo Quercetum luzuloidis petraeae Hilitzer 1932.
(VU) does not reflect its level of threat and must be assigned to higher category (EN).
The aim of the present work was the particular determination of contemporary dendrofloristic resources of the Stołowe Mts with special stress on the historical localities of rare taxa.
speciosa and Larix decidua are established in the local flora. Mountain species constitute less than 10% of all species which indicates a strong disturbance of the local flora due to the 19th
century forest management.
specimen of the orchid was found in the worked-out quarry near Kletno. In spite of a detailed search, other specimens or leaf rosettes were not observed. Both the historical range of Orchis militaris in Lower Silesia and its current localities in adjacent parts of the Czech Republic are analyzed in this paper. The newly found locality of Orchis militaris probably developed from diaspores of populations in northern Moravia. The locality is seriously threatened by anthropogenic pressure. Therefore a regular monitoring to determine the possibility of its persistence in this area is required.
of anthropogenic origin, with a small share of deciduous forests), wetlands and lakes dominate here. During field work, which was carried out for the purposes of the management plan of landscape park, 63 plant associations were found. Many of them are communities of an anthropogenic origin (nitrophilous tall-herb and synanthropic communities, as well as secondary forest communities and
plantations). The high natural value of the park is confirmed by the presence of communities which occupy small areas (about 10% of total area of landscape park) and occur in specific habitats such as bogs, calcicolous fens rushes, mires or preserved patches of natural floodplain forests and swamp alder-woods, thus they are considered rare within this site. Also the vegetation of lakes and their surroundings is very diverse and valuable. The Park is a site for 14 types of natural habitats protected within the Natura 2000 network, including two priority habitats - the alluvial and the bog-forests. Despite the long history of development dating back to the XVIIth century and a significant anthropogenic transformation, the flora of the Gryżyna valley contains a number of elements which are rare at both the regional and even national scale.
plants, fires induction, land pollution, uncontrolled building on meadows), as well as global effects (eutrophication caused by air pollution, climate change). A major concern is the expansion of non-native species of vascular plants, such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Impatiens parviflora, Pseudotsuga menziesii. The most endangered plant communities are serpentinous grassland with domination of Festuca pallens, xerothermic grassland (Viscario-Avenuletum pratensis), Molinia-meadows, thermophilous oak forest of serpentine soils (Galium verum-Quercus petraea community) and chasmophytic communities of ultrabasic and acidophilous rocks (Asplenietum cuneifolii, Woodsio-Asplenietum septentrionalis)."
Klika 1955 alliance. Habitat assessment was conducted in 2006-2008 in the Sudetes and their foothills (SW. Poland). The condition of each habitat site was assessed using four parameters: area covered by the community, typical structure and functions, future prospects and global assessment. In all, 85 sites were assessed, 69 with basic monitoring and 16 with detailed monitoring. The basic monitoring showed that the analysed communities in the Wałbrzych-Bolków Foothills, the Złote Mts, the Wałbrzych Mts and the Nysa Kłodzka River Valley were in good condition, with proper conservation status and prospects, as opposed to the communities in the Izera Foothills, the Kaczawa Mts, the Kaczawa Foothills, the Bialskie Mts, the Śnieżnik Massiff and the Kamienne Mts. Application of detailed phytosociological methods and transect analysis during the
detailed monitoring caused a decrease in the assessed state value. Conservation status and prospects were estimated as bad for the investigated communities in the Bialskie Mts and the Śnieżnik Massiff and as unfavourable for communities in the Nysa Kłodzka River Valley and the Bardo Mts.
Pierwszym są zarośla wisienki stepowej, prawdopodobnie reprezentowane przez zespół (za Dziubałtowskim 1926) Prunetum fruticosae, należący do związku Prunion fruticosae i klasy Rhamno-Prunetea. Drugim ze zbiorowisk są zarośla z dominacją irgi zwyczajnej występujące na skałach wylewnych oraz osadowych w Sudetach, które prawdopodobnie reprezentują zespół Junipero communis-Cotoneasteretum integerrimi, znany z terenu Czech i Słowacji