Papers by Aleksandra Pankiewicz
Lead glass ornaments are common throughout Central and Eastern Europe from 10th to 13th c. They a... more Lead glass ornaments are common throughout Central and Eastern Europe from 10th to 13th c. They are regarded as a local product due to the discovery of glass crucibles, semi-finished products and an ore deposit. Technological (electron probe microanalysis) and provenance analyses (lead isotope analyses) of eleven fragments of high-lead-glass jewellery from Wrocław (SW Poland) and high-lead-glass and lead-potassium glass (Slavic lead-ash glass) from Sypniewo (NE Poland) confirmed the use of local lead deposits. The isotopic composition of glass from this area has not yet been determined, except for one site in SW Poland. The chemical analysis shows early medieval glass production originated from the Silesian Upland and Lesser Poland.
Wrocław (Wratislavia, Breslau) was established on the Oder River, at the intersection of importan... more Wrocław (Wratislavia, Breslau) was established on the Oder River, at the intersection of important trade routes between the Baltic Sea, Kyivan Rus, and inland countries of Central Europe. The local population was hugely dependent on the resources the river provided, including a rich variety of fishes used for food. Here we analyse a sample of fish remains recovered from five archaeological sites in the territory of the medieval Wrocław. In total, 185 skeletal elements (isolated bones and scales) were processed and 11 species belonging to six families (Acipenseridae, Cyprinidae, Siluridae, Esocidae, and Percidae) were identified. Most remains belong to the bream, tench, and perch, which were common local species. The sturgeon, salmon/trout, and carp were among the highly demanded species and mainly consumed by the nobility. Religious restrictions and habits, especially during periods of fasting, could also have a considerable impact on the volume of fishing and fish consumption. Fishing tools found at the archaeological sites indicate that various techniques were used to catch the freshwater species in the surrounding water bodies, whereas marine fishes were probably imported from the Baltics and purchased on markets. The estimated body length of individuals provide valuable data for zoological analyses and, considering the set of fishing tools found at the studied sites, might also indicate some degree of selectivity in fishing in the medieval Wrocław, although the latter cannot be affirmed due to the applied collecting method.
The article concerns early medieval egg-shaped rattles from the area of Silesia. First of all, th... more The article concerns early medieval egg-shaped rattles from the area of Silesia. First of all, the issue of how they were made and glazed is studied. The issues of the origin of these products and their role in the culture of ancient societies, as problems repeatedly raised by other researchers, is treated marginally. Macro- and microscopic observations, experimental studies, as well as the results of analyses of the chemical composition of glazes and petrographic tests of ceramic bodies were used to study the technology of making eggs-shaped -rattles. On their basis, the probable process of their formation and glazing was reconstructed. While the making of the ceramic base did not require extraordinary skills, the glazing and decoration of the rattles took place in several stages, requiring knowledge of advanced pottery techniques. For their decoration, a specific category of glaze was used, namely high-lead non alkali glass
The aim of this article is to present materials from two settlements near Oleśnica – Boguszyce an... more The aim of this article is to present materials from two settlements near Oleśnica – Boguszyce and Gęsia Górka dated to the 13th century, and to try to answer the question to what extent the rural ceramics difers from the one discovered in the centre of Wrocław.
W artykule omówiono problem handlu i wymiany w głównych ośrodkach państwa Piastów na przykładzie ... more W artykule omówiono problem handlu i wymiany w głównych ośrodkach państwa Piastów na przykładzie Wrocławia. Podjęto próbę rewizji tras, którymi przebiegały okoliczne szlaki handlowe oraz odtworzenia ich zmienności w okresie od X do 1 poł. XIII w. Poruszono także kwestię roli handlu w kształtowaniu się samego Wrocławia, przy czym za istotne uznano pytanie, czy ośrodek ten, jak się powszechnie przypuszcza, powstał na skrzyżowaniu szlaków dalekosiężnych, czy też wzniesienie tego ważnego grodu stanowiło stymulator dla rozwoju lokalnych i ponadlokalnych połączeń drożnych. Przeanalizowano zarówno przedmioty związane z wymianą dóbr, jak i próbowano zlokalizować miejsca dokonywania ewentualnych transakcji. Na podstawie poszczególnych kategorii znalezisk (skarby srebrne, monety, wagi, odważniki etc.) ukazano przemiany dokonujące się w ekonomii grodu wrocławskiego i jego zaplecza.
within the research of the most important early medieval centers in polish territory, the study o... more within the research of the most important early medieval centers in polish territory, the study of the strongholds themselves and of their background is centrally important. in the case of wrocław, such analyses have been undertaken several times, but in view of the enormous increase in the sources obtained in the course of wide-ranging rescue research, it worth taking a look at this problem again. the aim of this article is to capture the dynamics of settlement changes in the early middle ages in the area of today's city of wroclaw and its closest surroundings. in order for this study to be credible, all possible data was used (azp-archaeological photo of poland, available publications, materials collected in museums, unpublished reports from research) in order to recreate the image of the settlement of this period. the result is a new look at the development of settlement in the vicinity of a large center, like wroclaw, and an attempt to capture the factors determining these transformations.
Migrations are an intangible phenomenon in archaeological research. However, relocations of large... more Migrations are an intangible phenomenon in archaeological research. However, relocations of larger groups of people may be of key significance to the development of older communities. The article is an attempt to indicate the elements of material culture that may be related to the relocation of people from various parts of Great Moravia to Bohemia, Poland and perhaps also Rus'. Possible similarities and differences will be indicated between the specific regions, accompanied by considerations of the way in which these migrations could have changed the cultural picture of the area in the 10 th century.
This article is a study of the relationship between the location of wooden-earthen ramparts and t... more This article is a study of the relationship between the location of wooden-earthen ramparts and the first brick buildings of the castle and suburbium of Wrocław’s Ostrów Tumski. On the basis of specific cases, the relationship between these two types of architecture is traced. The second half of the twelfth century and the thirteenth century, i.e., a specific period when traditional ramparts gradually disappeared and brick architecture appeared in lowland towns, are taken into consideration. In the text, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether (and in what way) these two types of architecture co-existed and whether the presence of the old fortifications was an obstacle or, on the contrary, a stimulating factor for the development of castles, walls and churches. In the course of the investigation, a different reconstruction of the course of the ramparts surrounding the main castle in the twelfth century emerged, which also resulted in a revision of views on the size of the gord and later the castle
Osada z okresu wczesnego średniowiecza na stanowisku Nieboczowy (st. 3), gm. Lubomia, pow. wodzisławski, 2020
The excavations on site 3 at Nieboczowy (AZP 102–40/132) covered a total area of 9150 square metr... more The excavations on site 3 at Nieboczowy (AZP 102–40/132) covered a total area of 9150 square metres, identifying and recording 36 archaeological features. Two phases of occupation were identified: during the early medieval and the modern periods. Most of the findings document early medieval period occupation. On the evidence of the pottery analysis the latter phase falls mainly in the 9th century. Several categories of archaeological features were identified: pit houses without posts, hearths/fire places, pits of an undetermined function, postholes. The preservation of archaeological features is too poor, the assemblage of portable finds too small for a more extensive discussion of the size and layout of the settlement. It is possible that the excavation uncovered only its outlying zone and that a zone with tightly-knit buildings extends more to the north and north-east. The early medieval phase at Nieboczowy site 3 corresponds to the dating of the nearby stronghold of the Golensizi tribe at Lubomia, destroyed at the end of the 9th century. The open settlement presumably belonged to network of settlements which formed part a more remote economic hinterland of the large regional power centre.
Animals, 2021
Simple Summary: Over the centuries of coexistence between humans and dogs, both the appearance of... more Simple Summary: Over the centuries of coexistence between humans and dogs, both the appearance of our four-legged companions and their social perception have changed. This article aims at identifying the most probable morphological and functional types of dogs found in Poland in the period from the 10th to the first half of the 13th century. The authors will also try to address the issue of how dogs were treated in the early Middle Ages and what social and economic roles these animals played. These considerations are based on the remains of several dozen dogs discovered in the medieval Wroclaw stronghold, one of the most important centres in Poland at the time. We will use finds from other archaeological sites in Poland and written sources concerning this part of Europe. It has been proven that specific "breeds" of dogs were found in this area. Their appearance and size were probably related to the specific function of the quadrupeds. Dogs were treated very differently in the early Middle Ages: Both as a companion for the elite, and as a source of skins, bones, and even meat. Abstract: This article pertains to the issue of early medieval dogs (10th-mid-13th century) from the territory of Poland and Central Europe. The study is based on dog remains from the Wroclaw Cathedral Island (Ostrów Tumski), one of the most important administrative centres of early medieval Poland, the capital of a secular principality and the seat of diocese authorities. The main morphological and functional types of dogs living in Wroclaw and other parts of Poland were characterized on that basis. It has been concluded that the roles and perceptions of dogs were very ambiguous. On the one hand, they were hunting companionship for the elite and were considered a symbol of devotion and loyalty. On the other hand, dogs symbolised disgrace. In everyday life, these animals were sometimes abused, their skin was sometimes tanned and their bones modified into tools, and in exceptional cases, dogs were even eaten.
Early medieval large glass beads from Poland: utilitarian and social functions, 2020
Early medieval large glass beads from Poland: utilitarian and social functions Velké skleněné kor... more Early medieval large glass beads from Poland: utilitarian and social functions Velké skleněné korále v raně středověkém Polsku: užitková a sociální funkce Aleksandra Pankiewicz-Sylwia Siemianowska The study focuses on the early medieval large glass beads from the area of Poland, i.e. specimens whose diameter equals at least 1.5 cm but usually ca. 2 cm or more. The main aim of this study is to define their function, considering precise context of discovery of particular specimens, metric data and microscopic analyses. Another important task of the study is to determine whether large beads were local products or imports, and from which region and in what social circumstances they reached the studied area. Alongside macroscopic and stylistic features, chemical composition of glass that was used for production of the beads can be conclusive in this situation. In our opinion, it is a special category of finds that appeared in this part of Europe during the time of cultural and political transformation in the 11 th-13 th centuries. glass beads-chemical composition-microscopic analysis-Early Middle Ages-Poland-social changes.
Different Approach to Horses—The Use of Equid Remains in the Early Middle Ages on the Example of Ostrów Tumski in Wroclaw, 2020
Simple Summary: Wroclaw, the capital of Silesia located in southwestern Poland, was one of the mo... more Simple Summary: Wroclaw, the capital of Silesia located in southwestern Poland, was one of the most important settlement agglomerations in the Western Slavic region in the period from the mid of the 10th to the 12th/13th century. The center of Wroclaw was a multi-part fortified settlement located on the Ostrów Tumski Island, the seat of the ducal and church authorities in the Middle Ages. Apart from spectacular finds of architectural monuments and elite products from various spheres of material culture, thousands of seemingly less interesting artefacts were found in Ostrów Tumski, among them a series of over 100,000 animal remains. A detailed and multifaceted analysis of the archaeozoological materials from Wroclaw clearly shows various interactions between the inhabitants of the stronghold and the animals living among them or nearby. One of the most important species in everyday life of the settlement was the horse. This animal is primarily associated with horseback riding and knighthood, possibly also with draught purposes. However, were these really the only functions of the horse and other equids? The aim of this article is to show the varied role of the horse, inter alia, its usage as a raw material source for the production of items made of bone, hair and leather, and sometimes even for food. Abstract: The following article concerns the functional use of horse bones in the early Middle Ages (mainly in the period from the mid of the 10th to the 12th/13th century). The authors try to explain how such remains were used and how common it was. It is also discussed whether the special role of the horse in medieval societies somehow restricted its post-mortem usage, or perhaps there was no difference between the skeletal remains of horses and other species in this regard. For this purpose, statistical calculations on the use of the bones of various mammals were made. Only the remains of the species determined during the archaeozoological analysis were taken into account. The specific use of individual parts of a horse skeleton was also noted. In addition, the analysis also encompasses all other types of horse remains that could be used by humans (hide, hair, etc.). The consumption of horse meat was discussed separately: on the basis of the preserved traces, an attempt was made to determine whether it had happened, and if so, how popular it had been. Overall, such comprehensive analysis aims to show the various roles of the horse. It was not only a mount, but also a beast of burden, a source of food and raw material as well. The main purpose of this study is to describe the role of horses in human medieval societies of Ostrów Tumski on the basis of accessible equid remains. The highlighting of the human-horse relationship in the past allows us to understand the importance and value of the horse both as a life companion and the source of food or leather and bone tools.
Přehled výzkumů 61/ 2, 2020
This study concerns glazed objects from two major centres in Silesia: Wrocław and Opole. All the ... more This study concerns glazed objects from two major centres in Silesia: Wrocław and Opole. All the glazed items from layers dated from the late 10 th to the first half of the 13 th century are appraised, i.e. ceramic and stone Easter eggs, knobbed rattles, 'stars' and pottery. Each category of artefacts is appraised separately as they differ from each other in terms of the production technique and presumably their provenance. Therefore, the locations of the workshops that produced these items is considered. Based on the collections from Wrocław and Opole, a different frequency of individual glazed items is observed, which is related to their specific distribution and most likely the different role of both centres. A separate issue is determining the value and social function of the glazed vessels, Easter eggs and rattles. In contrast, less emphasis is placed on their symbolic function, as this issue has been widely discussed by other researchers.
Studies on the Early Middle Ages, of so-called tribal period and the early state period in the Po... more Studies on the Early Middle Ages, of so-called tribal period and the early state period in the Polish lands are concentrated mainly on the study of strongholds, and to a lesser extent on the study of settlements. Rarely is the opportunity to undertake detailed studies of the entire settlement complex. Such a complex is undoubtedly Łozina (near Długołęka), located on the foreground of Wrocław, less than 15 km north of the former stronghold on Ostrów Tumski (Cathedral Island). The settlement complex consists of a stronghold and two suburbiums/adjoining settlements with a combined area of about 8 ha and three early medieval settlements located north of the defensive structure. They existed from the 9th to the 11th century, but the apogee of settlement development in the vicinity of Łozina falls in the 2nd half of the 10th, possibly the beginning of the 11th century. What role could such a large settlement complex play and what was its relationship with the stronghold on Ostrów Tumski? The defensive structure in Łozina was probably built in the 2nd half 10th century. In terms of form -a small ring-shape stronghold, time of its emergence and material culture, it corresponds to other fortified sites from Barycz and Prosna River basin. It is assumed that Łozina was erected in the same building action as the strongholds on the above-mentioned area. It is also not ruled out that the stronghold on Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław was built at the same time and circumstances. This study will also attempt to explain why the extensive settlement in Łozina is rapidly losing its significance at the end of the 10th or in the early 11th century. It is assumed that the loss of importance was related to the development of the Wrocław agglomeration at the end of the 10th century. WSTĘP W studiach nad osadnictwem wczesnośredniowiecznym okresu od IX do XI wieku zdecydowanie dominują badania grodów, przy mniejszym zainteresowaniu osadami o charakterze nieobronnym. Rzadko mamy okazję przyjrzeć się całym kompleksom osadniczym złożonym z sieci osad otwartych i obiektu umocnionego. Większa część takich stanowisk jest niestety słabo rozpoznana za pomocą badań powierzchniowych, Sylwia Rodak, badaczka niezależna, A. Pankiewicz, S. Rodak 86 przeprowadzonych w ramach akcji Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Podejmowane w ostatnich kilkunastu latach szerokopłaszczyznowe badania ratownicze, podczas budowy nowych dróg i autostrad, pozwoliły uzupełnić dotychczasowy stan wiedzy nad zapleczem osadniczym wczesnośredniowiecznych założeń obronnych oraz w nowym świetle spojrzeć na ich rolę i funkcję. Do takich interesujących kompleksów można niewątpliwie zaliczyć zespół osadniczy w Łozinie (gm. Długołęka, pow. wrocławski), znajdujący się na przedpolu Wrocławia -14,2 km na północ od dawnego grodu na Ostrowie Tumskim. W jego skład wchodzi przede wszystkim niewielkie grodzisko pierścieniowate, o pierwotnej średnicy około 90 m i powierzchni 0,668 ha (ryc. 1), oraz kompleks osad wczesnośredniowiecznych odkrytych przy budowie drogi ekspresowej S8. Około 1 km na północny zachód od grodu odsłonięto 22 obiekty (na obszarze 56 arów) z czasów od IX do początków XI wieku (ryc. 1, Łozina stan. 18; Limisiewicz et al. 2011). Kontynuacja tej osady (inna pobliska osada?) znajdowała się około 750 m na północ od założenia obronnego (ryc. 1, Łozina stan. 17). W jej obrębie odkryto 55 obiektów (na obszarze 941 arów), datowanych ramowo na okres od 2. poł. X do 1. poł. XI wieku (Chrzan 2010, 3). Pojedyncze jamy z XI wieku odkryto także na stanowisku położonym około 1,5 km na północny wschód od grodu (ryc. 1, Łozina stan.16; Broda et al. 2011; obszar 155 arów). W skład kompleksu osadniczego wchodził prawdopodobnie także cmentarz, Ryc. 1. Łozina, gm. Długołęka. Wczesnośredniowieczny zespół osadniczy. Oprac. Aleksandra Pankiewicz, Sylwia Rodak Ryc. 2. Łozina, gm. Długołęka. Plan grodziska z naniesionymi wykopami badawczymi. Oprac. Sylwia Rodak Łozina -wczesnośredniowieczny kompleks osadniczy na przedpolu Wrocławia… 89
Přehled výzkumů 60-2, 2019
On the example of Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław (Silesia, Polish lands) an attempt of identifica-tion ... more On the example of Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław (Silesia, Polish lands) an attempt of identifica-tion of places associated with trade and exchange in early medieval strongholds was made. The alleged marketplace existed in the stronghold from the end of the 11th century to the end of the 12th century. Its existence would be confirmed by the empty square between buildings, the ac-cumulation of finds related to trade and exchange as well as spending free time. The connection of some buildings form Ostrów Tumski with commercial activities is also not excluded. On the basis of analogies from the main centers of the Piast state and selected sites from the Bohemian and Moravian territories, the potential location of the marketplaces was analyzed. Attention was drawn to the relationship between finds related to trade and exchange with other manifes-tations of economic activity (e.g. non-ferrous metallurgy). An attempt was also made to answer the question when and in what political and economic conditions such places could be created.
Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne, 2018
Many suggestions have been made about the existence of a glass workshop at Ostrów Tumski
(Cathedr... more Many suggestions have been made about the existence of a glass workshop at Ostrów Tumski
(Cathedral Island) in Wrocław. Those suggestions were most often referred to a local jewelery production,
but were also related to the existence of a stained glass workshop, and even the possibility
of making glassware. In the opinion of previous researchers of Ostrów Tumski with glass-making
were also associated: glassy lumps, slag, fragments of crucibles, stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps, which were interpreted as a part of glass furnace walls. But did a glass workshop
really existed at Ostrów Tumski, and if so, what type of workshop it was A-type (producing glass)
or type B (producing goods from semi-finished products) and what glass objects were produced
on the area of the stronghold?
Within the project “Szklarstwo wczesnopolskie w świetle znalezisk z zespołów grodowych Śląska”
all the traces that may be related to glasswork were verified. Numerous analyzes of the chemical
composition of glass artifacts and finds probably connected with glassmaking activities were carried
out. It was found that exanimated fragments of crucibles and slag and slag-like lumps have
no connection to glassworks. They are remnants of metallurgy (fragments of crucibles and slag
and slag-like lumps) are burned and naturally vitrified objects (stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps) or are fractions of molten glass, but of late medieval and modern time ones.
Other products (glassware, fragments of stained glass, glazed objects) were recognized as foreign
goods. Some types of glass beads are also outlandish. However, it is not excluded that in Wrocław
Ostrów Tumski glass jewelery was made – simple forms of monochromatic beads, and above all
glass rings. Probably, they were made from semi-finished products – glass sticks and rods, imported from the outside of the stronghold.
Historicke Sklo, 2018
W 1972 roku w trakcie prac wykopaliskowych prowadzonych na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu
odkryto ... more W 1972 roku w trakcie prac wykopaliskowych prowadzonych na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu
odkryto 8 kg depozyt szkła. Wystąpił on w obrębie warstwy-D, datowanej na połowę wieku XIII.
W większości składał się on ze szkła witrażowego, a także z pojedynczych fragmentów szkła
naczyniowego i elementów szklanej biżuterii. Jako, że w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie depozytu odkryto
zespół 13 palenisk oraz pieca, badacze stanowiska powiązali to miejsce z warsztatem szklarskim
działającym na lokalne potrzeby.
W niniejszym artykule pokrótce zostanie scharakteryzowany wrocławski depozyt stłuczki
szklanej zarówno pod względem makroskopowym, jak i wyników analiz składu chemicznego.
Omówione zostaną także kwestie istnienia hipotetycznego warsztatu szklarskiego na Ostrowie Tumskim
we Wrocławiu oraz przedstawione hipotezy dotyczące możliwych innych interpretacji opisywanego
znaleziska.
Problem funkcjonowania wczesnośredniowiecznej pracowni szklarskiej w obrębie niemczańskiego kompleksu osadniczego, 2018
The problem of the existence of early medieval glass workshops in silesia has been constantly dis... more The problem of the existence of early medieval glass workshops in silesia has been constantly discussed by various
researchers for many years. niemcza – apart from wrocław, opole and obiszów – is one of the centres where such a workshop could be located. The discovery of glass jewellery within this centre argued in favour of that, as well as artefacts associated with glassmaking, referred to as crucibles with congealed glass mass, quartz splinters, icicles with a glazed coating, glass slag, fragments of pottery with glassy surface, and a small fragment of a nozzle. This paper presents the results of recent analyses of chemical composition, both of finished products and findings hypothetically related to the process of glass melting/remelting. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis concerning the existence of an early glass workshop in niemcza and to determine its character.
ON TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES OF EARLY MEDIEVAL GLASS RINGS FROM SILESIA, 2018
Glass rings used to be one of the most common jewellery types in the 10th–13th centuries in Centr... more Glass rings used to be one of the most common jewellery types in the 10th–13th centuries in Central Europe, especially Silesia. The popularity of this type of decoration in this area could indicate its local origin. The chemical composition of the glass seems to confirm this theory. The Silesian glass rings analysed in this paper were made of high-lead alkaline and nonalkaline glass or of lead-ash glass. There was also a close relationship between the colour of the finished products and the chemical composition of the glass. This provides new data for the study of the problem of production and distribution of glass jewellery in Central Europe
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Papers by Aleksandra Pankiewicz
(Cathedral Island) in Wrocław. Those suggestions were most often referred to a local jewelery production,
but were also related to the existence of a stained glass workshop, and even the possibility
of making glassware. In the opinion of previous researchers of Ostrów Tumski with glass-making
were also associated: glassy lumps, slag, fragments of crucibles, stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps, which were interpreted as a part of glass furnace walls. But did a glass workshop
really existed at Ostrów Tumski, and if so, what type of workshop it was A-type (producing glass)
or type B (producing goods from semi-finished products) and what glass objects were produced
on the area of the stronghold?
Within the project “Szklarstwo wczesnopolskie w świetle znalezisk z zespołów grodowych Śląska”
all the traces that may be related to glasswork were verified. Numerous analyzes of the chemical
composition of glass artifacts and finds probably connected with glassmaking activities were carried
out. It was found that exanimated fragments of crucibles and slag and slag-like lumps have
no connection to glassworks. They are remnants of metallurgy (fragments of crucibles and slag
and slag-like lumps) are burned and naturally vitrified objects (stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps) or are fractions of molten glass, but of late medieval and modern time ones.
Other products (glassware, fragments of stained glass, glazed objects) were recognized as foreign
goods. Some types of glass beads are also outlandish. However, it is not excluded that in Wrocław
Ostrów Tumski glass jewelery was made – simple forms of monochromatic beads, and above all
glass rings. Probably, they were made from semi-finished products – glass sticks and rods, imported from the outside of the stronghold.
odkryto 8 kg depozyt szkła. Wystąpił on w obrębie warstwy-D, datowanej na połowę wieku XIII.
W większości składał się on ze szkła witrażowego, a także z pojedynczych fragmentów szkła
naczyniowego i elementów szklanej biżuterii. Jako, że w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie depozytu odkryto
zespół 13 palenisk oraz pieca, badacze stanowiska powiązali to miejsce z warsztatem szklarskim
działającym na lokalne potrzeby.
W niniejszym artykule pokrótce zostanie scharakteryzowany wrocławski depozyt stłuczki
szklanej zarówno pod względem makroskopowym, jak i wyników analiz składu chemicznego.
Omówione zostaną także kwestie istnienia hipotetycznego warsztatu szklarskiego na Ostrowie Tumskim
we Wrocławiu oraz przedstawione hipotezy dotyczące możliwych innych interpretacji opisywanego
znaleziska.
researchers for many years. niemcza – apart from wrocław, opole and obiszów – is one of the centres where such a workshop could be located. The discovery of glass jewellery within this centre argued in favour of that, as well as artefacts associated with glassmaking, referred to as crucibles with congealed glass mass, quartz splinters, icicles with a glazed coating, glass slag, fragments of pottery with glassy surface, and a small fragment of a nozzle. This paper presents the results of recent analyses of chemical composition, both of finished products and findings hypothetically related to the process of glass melting/remelting. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis concerning the existence of an early glass workshop in niemcza and to determine its character.
(Cathedral Island) in Wrocław. Those suggestions were most often referred to a local jewelery production,
but were also related to the existence of a stained glass workshop, and even the possibility
of making glassware. In the opinion of previous researchers of Ostrów Tumski with glass-making
were also associated: glassy lumps, slag, fragments of crucibles, stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps, which were interpreted as a part of glass furnace walls. But did a glass workshop
really existed at Ostrów Tumski, and if so, what type of workshop it was A-type (producing glass)
or type B (producing goods from semi-finished products) and what glass objects were produced
on the area of the stronghold?
Within the project “Szklarstwo wczesnopolskie w świetle znalezisk z zespołów grodowych Śląska”
all the traces that may be related to glasswork were verified. Numerous analyzes of the chemical
composition of glass artifacts and finds probably connected with glassmaking activities were carried
out. It was found that exanimated fragments of crucibles and slag and slag-like lumps have
no connection to glassworks. They are remnants of metallurgy (fragments of crucibles and slag
and slag-like lumps) are burned and naturally vitrified objects (stones coated with a vitreous mass
and slag-like lumps) or are fractions of molten glass, but of late medieval and modern time ones.
Other products (glassware, fragments of stained glass, glazed objects) were recognized as foreign
goods. Some types of glass beads are also outlandish. However, it is not excluded that in Wrocław
Ostrów Tumski glass jewelery was made – simple forms of monochromatic beads, and above all
glass rings. Probably, they were made from semi-finished products – glass sticks and rods, imported from the outside of the stronghold.
odkryto 8 kg depozyt szkła. Wystąpił on w obrębie warstwy-D, datowanej na połowę wieku XIII.
W większości składał się on ze szkła witrażowego, a także z pojedynczych fragmentów szkła
naczyniowego i elementów szklanej biżuterii. Jako, że w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie depozytu odkryto
zespół 13 palenisk oraz pieca, badacze stanowiska powiązali to miejsce z warsztatem szklarskim
działającym na lokalne potrzeby.
W niniejszym artykule pokrótce zostanie scharakteryzowany wrocławski depozyt stłuczki
szklanej zarówno pod względem makroskopowym, jak i wyników analiz składu chemicznego.
Omówione zostaną także kwestie istnienia hipotetycznego warsztatu szklarskiego na Ostrowie Tumskim
we Wrocławiu oraz przedstawione hipotezy dotyczące możliwych innych interpretacji opisywanego
znaleziska.
researchers for many years. niemcza – apart from wrocław, opole and obiszów – is one of the centres where such a workshop could be located. The discovery of glass jewellery within this centre argued in favour of that, as well as artefacts associated with glassmaking, referred to as crucibles with congealed glass mass, quartz splinters, icicles with a glazed coating, glass slag, fragments of pottery with glassy surface, and a small fragment of a nozzle. This paper presents the results of recent analyses of chemical composition, both of finished products and findings hypothetically related to the process of glass melting/remelting. The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis concerning the existence of an early glass workshop in niemcza and to determine its character.
to prof. Marta Młynarska-Kaletynowa on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of scientific work
The book is dedicated to Prof. Marta Młynarska-Kaletynowa on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of releasing a publication that initiated her scientific work. It is a collection of thirty papers written by representatives of several disciplines and specialisations that correspond with interdisciplinary interests of our Jubilarian – archaeologists, historians, architecture and art historians. They are related to early medieval settlement, especially in Silesia, as well as late
medieval towns and their rural hinterland.
The opening part is titled “Early medieval settlement. Theory and scientific practice”. The paper by Krzysztof Jaworski A note written from memory... is a reflection on the significance of the catalogue created by the Jubilarian with Tadeusz Kaletyn and Jerzy Lodowski for
the research on the Early Middle Ages. It became a pretext for the Author to bring back his own memories. The work by Justyna Kolenda Old projects – new possibilities. A contribution to the research on early medieval villages discusses the history of research on medieval rural
settlement in Poland. Not only did the Author characterise the main trends in landscape studies, but she also pointed out the strengths and weaknesses of methods that are presently used.
Anna Dunin-Wąsowicz (Comparing the incomparable in time and space. Apparent analogies or variable elements of „long living” structures? (A contribution in historical geography)) compared the terminology of the administrative and space divisions from Aquitaine sources with those
from other parts of Europe, including Poland. The article by Sylwia Rodak Bolesławiec in the Early Middle Ages is a discussion on the state of archaeological research and a presentation of new analyses of the tribal stronghold in Bolesławiec that became a significant Silesian centre
over the centuries. Aleksandra Pankiewicz in her article (Early medieval (8th-12th/13thcentury) sunken square buildings from Lesser Poland and Upper Silesia) describes “bathtub-like objects” as an important element of the housing culture of the Slavs. Jan Klápště (Cesty do krajiny
středověké Prahy / Roads to the landscape of medieval Prague) presented the possibilities of research on Prague’s rural hinterland perceived as „an economic region of a town”. Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman (The early medieval stronghold in Maków on Orzyc. A myth or reality?) has made an attempt at indicating the location of a stronghold whose existence has been assumed based on the information on a crossing from “the Mogilno counterfeit”. Marian Rębkowski
discussed the issue of a residence of the Odra Duke named Świętopełk – known from „Rocznik świętokrzyski dawny / The Old Świętokrzyski Yearbook” (Where did Świętopełk dux odrensis reside? A contribution to the research on political structure of Pomerania in the first half of the 12th century). Maciej Trzeciecki (In portu Plocensi iuxta ecclesiam Beati Benedicti. A contribution to topography of early medieval Płock) used the information on the Płock harbour as a place of issuing documents in 1228 to make an attempt at verifying the location of settlement points
known from the 13th-century sources. Sylwia Siemianowska (The supposed inn and „merchant’s house” on a Silesian stronghold. Sociotopography of early urban Opole-Ostrówek in the light of glass
finds and accompanying objects) proposed, basing on archaeological finds discovered many years ago, an interpretation of the function of a part of the early medieval buildings in the Opole stronghold. Maria Dekówna, in turn, devoted her work to The origins of sporadically occurring in Poland large beads made of dark glass in the light of laboratory analyses. The Author presented the results of specialist analyses and suggested that the studied objects come from the Middle East
The second part of the book titled “The 13th-century breakthrough. Town, village and farmstead in the Late Middle Ages” begins with a paper by Henryk Samsonowicz (Town incorporations under German law in Silesia in the 13th century) – reflections on the reasons of different
chronology of town incorporations in Silesia and Poland. Maria Legut-Pintal (The Silesian model of melioratio terrae based on the case study of Nysa-Otmuchów region and the Kaczawskie Foothills), using a varied database, discussed the chronology, character and directions of colonisation in two different parts of Silesia. The text by Przemysław Wiszewski Politics and settlement. The case of the Silesian-Bohemian borderland in the 13th century is, in turn, an analysis of settlement
between Kamienna Góra and Trutnov – a transborder, forested area, difficult for adaptation. Małgorzata Chorowska, applying methods used in history of architecture (Once more on St. Martin’s Chapel on the Piast castle in Wrocław), presented several scenarios regarding the time
and character of the erection of the chapel in Wrocław. Dominik Nowakowski (On identifying lost villages and farmsteads in Silesia from the perspective of the research on motte-and-bailey castles)
has shown four cases of successful identifications of motte-and-bailey castles with their rural or farming hinterland – currently non-existing. The Author compared the results of analyses based on modern technologies with archival studies and knowledge on historical cartographic sources.
The paper by Krzysztof Demidziuk Medieval defensive facility in Wrocław-Popiele. Reality or fiction? resulted from archival archaeological studies. The Author suggested that another motte-and-bailey object existed and was probably destroyed in the last years. The article by Dagmara Adamska (Vineyards in the Sudetes Foothills. On growing vines in medieval Silesia) is an analysis of medieval wine-growing in the area of Świdnica and Strzegom. Using sources
that were previously unknown allowed the Author to identify an attempt at reconstructing winemaking in the late 15th century.
The third part titled “Town. Space and people” is opened by an article by Aleksander Paroń Town and state of nomads of northern Eurasia that stresses the influence of the settled civilisation creators’ world-view on descriptions of their observations of the nomad world. Ryszard
Szczygieł returned to the question When was Lublin granted its first location privilege under German law? The Author presented current research ideas and described the significance of the vogt privilege issued in 1317. Another text by Grzegorz Myśliwski (The Wrocław sumptuary law issued in 1435) is a detailed discussion on a document that regulated what the residents of Wrocław would wear. Roman Czaja (Council and municipality in Królewiec in the early 16th century) presented the issue of influence of the municipality on the power exercised by oligarchy in three towns: Old Town Królewiec, Knipawa and Lipnik. The Author analysed written negotiations between the towns and the authorities of the Teutonic Order starting from 1501. Olga Miriam Przybyłowicz (“The Jews will be allowed to have glass windows, in these houses but not opening ones…” On co-existence of the Poor Clares convent and Jewish community in Gniezno in the 16th-17th century) made use of previously unknown material from the Archives in Gniezno
and studied the problem of neighbourhood conflicts between nuns and Jews. The paper by Bogusław Krasnowolski Urban and architectural changes of Biecz until 1914 is a discussion on urban development of a small town. Rafał Eysymontt (Copy, imitation, reconstruction. The most
significant tendencies in the process of revalorization of towns in Lower Silesia) showed the idea of copying, imitating and reconstructing architecture at the background of history of Polish conservation school from 1945 to the present day.
The closing part titled “Sacrum. People, places, things” begins with a paper by Krystian Chrzan Gods and society. Strongholds in the landscape of pre-Christian Slavs basing on an example of the Bishop of Merseburg Thietmar’s narration about Radogoszcz and Lucice. It is an attempt at suggesting cosmological function of the strongholds. The work by Aleksander Limisiewicz and Honorata Rutka (Development of the area of early medieval inhumation cemeteries in Lower Silesia at the time of adopting Christianity with a focus on the site in Jordanów Śląski)
is an interpretation of the results of an analysis of burials from the oldest phase of practising inhumation. The Authors presented spatial arrangement and grave goods in a detailed way. Błażej Stanisławski (Christogram iota-chi as an indicator of the process of bizantynization of the Russ) discussed an artifact from the Justinian period discovered in the area of the supposed 10th-century Russ colony in the vicinity of Constantinople. He compared it to analogical artifacts and showed “the long living” of the christogram as a motif. Sławomir Moździoch (Santa
Maria di Campogrosso – a forgotten cult centre from the period of the Norman conquest of Sicily) presented the conclusions that can be drawn after the latest excavations of a Basilian monastery, cemetery and church founded in the 12th century. The paper by Stanisław Rosik (Bigger than Jael and Judith. St. Hedwig of Silesia as mulier fortis on the history stage and in… Trzebnica (in the light of the colonisation document issued in 1267)). The Author analysed the content of
the diploma and explained the character and origins of the “brave woman” motif.