History

But concerning friendship, all, to a man, think the same thing: those who have devoted themselves to public life; those who find their joy in science and philosophy; those who manage their own business free from public cares; and, finally, those who are wholly ...

Nestled on the scarp of a butte east-northeast of the town of Interior in the Badlands, Jackson County, South Dakota, is a White River Group Silicates (WRGS) lithic raw material procurement site (39JK411). Surrounded by a pasture and adjacent to an earthen dam, this quarry site consists of over 1,700 lithic artifacts including 70 primary flakes, 740 secondary flakes, 160 tertiary flakes, 730 pieces of shatter, 7 cores, 3 tested cobbles, and a single unifacial tool. Nearly 99 percent of the flakes are chalcedony similar to Flattop Chalcedony. A chalcedony outcrop that appears to have been broken for the purpose of extracting material is on the southern edge of the butte, which indicates that this location was used to acquire raw material for making tools. This quarry is the furthest east WRGS source and raw material procurement site known to date.

The spiritual odyssey of the sixteenth-century German religious reformer Martin Luther and the nineteenthcentury Hindu priest of Goddess Kali of colonial Calcutta Ramakrishna Paramahamsa reveals some intriguing contrasts and convergences. Both were radically different personalities in respect of their cultural background, social outlook, and theological consciousness, especially in their understanding of human-divine relationship. Luther"s Judeo-Christian conception of God as a transcendent and absolutely sovereign and yet a merciful deity was markedly different from Ramakrishna"s Vaisnavic image of God as a loving and playful companion of the devotee. Yet their spiritual experiences in their quest for the divine show a similar reliance on faith [fiducia] and devotion [bhakti]. This comparative exercise thus seeks to show an interesting convergence between Protestant faith and Hindu devotion.

Tagore's anti-absolutist and anti-statist stand is predicated primarily on his vision of global peace and concord-a world of different peoples and cultures united by amity and humanity. While this grand vision of a brave new world is laudable, it is, nevertheless, constructed on misunderstanding and misreading of history and of the role of the nation state in the West since its rise sometime during the late medieval and early modern times. Tagore views state as an artificial mechanism, indeed a machine that thrives on coercion, conflict, and terror by subverting people's freedom and culture. This paper seeks to argue that the state also played historically a significant role in enhancing and enriching culture and civilization. His view of an ideal human society is sublime, but by the same token, somewhat ahistorical and anti-modern.,

Paulo Freire's theory of education stands squarely on his conviction in the capacity of man to create as well as reconstruct his cultural reality. He thus denounces the conventional education designed to dole out the cultural values of the dominant and dominator classes to the dominated and the oppressed. Instead of the traditional "banking" concept of education Freire pleads for a pedagogical method that will, through the "problematization" of reality, result in man's "conscientization" and lead eventually to his true existential freedom.