Papers by Marguerite Pappaioanou
Governance Challenges for Zoonotic Disease Surveillance, Reporting, and Response
Surveillance and Response of Select Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks
Ev o l v i ng v e te r i n ar y e d u c a t io n f o r a s a f e r world 2009 27
Working with partners to improve global health : a strategy for CDC and ATSDR
In today\u2019s world of increasing globalization, the United States continually faces new challe... more In today\u2019s world of increasing globalization, the United States continually faces new challenges and opportunities in public health. In response, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry have prepared a Global Health Strategy. The rationale for CDC/ATSDR\u2019s institutional commitment recognizes a) the increasing influence of determinants arising outside the country on US health; b) the mutual benefits of improving the health of other countries; c) the advantages of sharing US knowledge and public health expertise with international partners; and d) the need to respond to the health consequences of international emergencies. In addition, past and ongoing international work by CDC has provided a strong foundation on which to base its international initiatives.The CDC Global Health Strategy defines goals in the following five critical areas of public health:\u2022 Public Health Surveillance and Response \u2014 To strengthen global capacity to detect, investigate, and monitor disease and injury, as well as their causes, and to respond appropriately to problems as they are identified.\u2022 Public Health Infrastructure and Capacity Building \u2014 To work with countries to establish and maintain effective public health systems, including trained workforces and collection and use of essential information for effective public health policies and programs.\u2022 Disease and Injury Prevention and Control \u2014 To collaborate with countries and other international partners in developing, implementing, and evaluating prevention and control strategies to address important public health problems.\u2022 Applied Research for Effective Health Policies \u2014 To assist countries and other global partners to conduct applied research that will provide new information needed to improve the effectiveness of global public health policies and programs.\u2022 Exchange of Information and Lessons Learned \u2014 To promote the free flow of accurate technical information on global health problems and to share lessons learned in their control and prevention.Executive Summary -- Introduction: Rationale for CDC/ATSDR\u2019s involvement in global health; CDCs global health experience -- CDC\u2019s Strategy - Goals and Objectives: Public health surveillance and response; Public health infrastructure and capacity building; Disease and injury prevention and control; Applied research for effective health policies; Exchange of information and lessons learned -- Implementing CDC\u2019s Strategy -- Priority Program Areas: Agency-wide initiatives; Initiatives from Centers, Institutes, and Offices -- Anticipated Outcomes -- Conclusions -- References.201
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
CHARLES W. RICE is University Distinguished Professor of soil microbiology in the department of a... more CHARLES W. RICE is University Distinguished Professor of soil microbiology in the department of agronomy at Kansas State University. He conducts long-term research on soil organic dynamics, nitrogen transformations and microbial ecology. Recently, his research has focused on soil and global climate change including carbon and nitrogen emissions in agricultural and grassland ecosystems and soil carbon sequestration and its potential benefits to the ecosystem. Rice has also served in numerous capacities with the Soil Science Society of America. He currently serves on the National Academies U.S. National Soil Science Committee and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Air Quality Task Force. Internationally, he served on the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to author the Fourth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2007, and was among the scientists recognized when that work won a Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Rice holds a BS degree from Northern Illinois University and a PhD from the University of Kentucky. He joined the Kansas State faculty in 1988, becoming associate professor in 1993 and professor in 1998.
Novel Human Pathogen Species
Recommendations, Challenges, and Looking to the Future
Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin
Risk factors for salmonellosis in hospitalized horses
PubMed, Jan 15, 1986
A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella was accompl... more A case-control study to identify risk factors associated with isolation of Salmonella was accomplished, using data from records of horses hospitalized in the period July 1971 through June 1982. Horses in which nasogastric tubes were passed were at 2.9 times greater risk of having Salmonella isolated, compared with horses that did not undergo this procedure. Horses treated with antibiotics parenterally were at 6.4 times greater risk, and those treated with antibiotics orally and parenterally were at 40.4 times greater risk of developing salmonellosis, compared with horses not receiving such treatment. Horses admitted because of colic were 4.2 times as likely to have Salmonella isolated as those admitted for other reasons. Breed, age, and type of surgery did not appear to be risk factors. The risk factors identified and the magnitude of their association with Salmonella isolation were similar to those observed in a preceding study.
PubMed, May 1, 1988
A comprehensive, multifaceted approach to HIV surveillance is needed to provide the information n... more A comprehensive, multifaceted approach to HIV surveillance is needed to provide the information necessary for public health management and policy. Because HIV infection is not readily or uniformly ascertained, survey methods and sentinel surveillance approaches must be used. At least some of the surveys must be blinded, that is, anonymous and unlinked to identifiable persons, to avoid the uninterpretable impact of self-selection bias that could lead to both significant underestimates and occasional overestimates of HIV prevalence. Other surveys must be nonblinded, with careful interviews of volunteer participants to evaluate risk factors for HIV infection. These various surveys must continue over time to evaluate trends in infection. A comprehensive family of complementary HIV surveys and studies and a national household-based HIV seroprevalence survey have been undertaken by the Public Health Service in collaboration with other Federal agencies, State and local health departments, blood collection agencies, and medical research institutions. These projects focus on accessible segments of the general population, childbearing women, persons at high risk for HIV, and persons in special settings such as prisons and colleges. This comprehensive surveillance approach will help monitor the levels and trends of HIV infection in the United States and help prioritize, target, and evaluate HIV prevention activities.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Mar 1, 1983
Campylobacterjejuni was found in 82.9% of 94 chicken wing packages analyzed on the day of arrival... more Campylobacterjejuni was found in 82.9% of 94 chicken wing packages analyzed on the day of arrival at supermarkets and in 15.5% of 45 packages obtained from the supermarket shelves a few days later. The number of bacterial cells ranged from 102 to 103 9 per wing. The prevalence of C. jejuni in the wings varied with the brand, the day of sampling, and the age of the product.
FIGURE 4-1, [The cycle of elements comprising an effective infectious disease surveillance system.]
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, May 1, 1992
The use of whole-blood spots on filter paper for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficie... more The use of whole-blood spots on filter paper for the detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was evaluated during a 20-week period under a variety of storage environments simulating the harsh tropical field conditions in Kinshasa, Zaire. During the first 6 weeks of storage, all replicates of highand low-titer HIV-1-positive reference samples remained positive by enzyme immunoassay and Western blotting (immunoblotting), and all replicates of HIV-1-negative samples remained negative under all storage conditions. However, hot and humid storage conditions for up to 20 weeks caused a progressive decline in enzyme immunoassay optical density ratio values, which was particularly noticeable in samples with a low HIV-1 antibody titer. Harsh tropical operational conditions did not cause any repeatedly false-positive results during the 20-week storage period. The use of gas-impermeable bags with desiccant for the storage of blood spots on filter paper improved the stability of HIV-1 antibody detection over time and is recommended for the storage of whole-blood spots on filter paper in harsh tropical field settings.
Case-Control Study of Risk Factors Associated with Isolation of Salmonella Saintpaul in Hospitalized Horses
American Journal of Epidemiology, Dec 1, 1984
In an investigation of a 1981-1982 outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella saintpaul infection in hospi... more In an investigation of a 1981-1982 outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella saintpaul infection in hospitalized horses at the University of California Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in Davis, California, a case-control study was performed using data gathered from the records of 33 cases and 132 controls. Multiple logistic regression risk analysis was used to identify factors associated with isolation of the organism, controlling for the effects of other, possibly confounding variables. Horses receiving parenteral antibiotics were at 10.9 times greater risk of having S. saintpaul isolated than were horses not receiving parenteral antibiotics. Horses intubated with nasogastric tubes were 3.9 times more likely to have had the organism isolated from fecal specimens than horses not intubated, and horses with a presenting complaint of colic were at 2.2 times greater risk of isolation than horses with other presenting complaints.
Metodo cuantitativo para hacer recomendaciones sobre profilaxis del paludismo
On decrit une methode analytique basee sur l'analyse des decisions qui peut etre employee pou... more On decrit une methode analytique basee sur l'analyse des decisions qui peut etre employee pour definir les strategies optimales pour la prevention de cette maladie chez les sujets âges
Sentinel surveillance for hiv 2 infection in clinical settings usa 1989 90
New England Journal of Medicine, 1986
We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the antibody response of freshman veterina... more We conducted a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the antibody response of freshman veterinary students to intradermal human diploid-cell rabies vaccine administered concurrently with chloroquine, a drug frequently used for chemoprophylaxis against malaria. Fifty-one students who had not been vaccinated against rabies were enrolled: 26 received 300 mg of chloroquine base per week (the recommended dose for malaria prophylaxis); 25 did not receive chloroquine and served as controls. All subjects received 0.1 ml of rabies vaccine intradermally on days 0, 7, and 28. Chloroquine was administered weekly to the treatment group, beginning nine days before the first dose of vaccine and continuing until day 48. The mean rabies-neutralizing antibody titer for the chloroquine group was significantly lower than that for the control group on each day of testing — i.e., day 28 (P = 0.0094), day 49 (P = 0.0008), and day 105 (P = 0.0002) — although both groups had neutralizing antibody titers on days 49 and 105, according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control. The blood concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine (the major metabolite of chloroquine, which also has antimalarial properties) were negatively associated with log antibody titers. These results indicate that chloroquine taken in the dose recommended for malaria prophylaxis can reduce the antibody response to primary immunization with intradermal human diploid-cell rabies vaccine. (N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 280–4.)
Social Science & Medicine, 2003
Public health officials and the communities they serve need to: identify priority health problems... more Public health officials and the communities they serve need to: identify priority health problems; formulate effective health policies; respond to public health emergencies; select, implement, and evaluate cost-effective interventions to prevent and control disease and injury; and allocate human and financial resources. Despite agreement that rational, data-based decisions will lead to improved health outcomes, many public health decisions appear to be made intuitively or politically. During 1991-1996, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented the US Agency for International Development funded Data for Decision-Making (DDM) Project. DDM goals were to: (a) strengthen the capacity of decision makers to identify data needs for solving problems and to interpret and use data appropriately for public health decisions; (b) enhance the capacity of technical advisors to provide valid, essential, and timely data to decision makers clearly and effectively; and (c) strengthen health information systems (HISs) to facilitate the collection, analysis, reporting, presentation, and use of data at local, district, regional, and national levels. Assessments were conducted to identify important health problems, problem-driven implementation plans with data-based solutions as objectives were developed, interdisciplinary, in-service training programs for mid-level policy makers, program managers, and technical advisors in applied epidemiology, management and leadership, communications, economic evaluation, and HISs were designed and implemented, national staff were trained in the refinement of HISs to improve access to essential data from multiple sources, and the effectiveness of the strategy was evaluated. This strategy was tested in Bolivia, Cameroon, Mexico, and the Philippines, where decentralization of health services led to a need to strengthen the capacity of policy makers and health officers at sub-national levels to use information more effectively. Results showed that the DDM strategy improved evidence-based public health. Subsequently, DDM concepts and practices have been institutionalized in participating countries and at CDC.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2023
Since the field of One Health was introduced in the early 2000s, veterinary medicine has provided... more Since the field of One Health was introduced in the early 2000s, veterinary medicine has provided leadership in working with other disciplines and sectors to identify effective, sustainable solutions to complex health problems that are shared by humans, animals, and the environment. Human-induced climate change has accelerated since the Industrial Age, resulting in serious adverse human, animal, and environmental health consequences. We summarize several drivers of climate change and ecosystem degradation connected to veterinary medicine. Building on previous studies and observations of others, we propose a set of urgent and actionable recommendations for individual veterinarians and the veterinary profession to mitigate and adapt to the health risks posed by climate change and ecosystem degradation at community, local, state, national, and international levels. In addition, we call for emphasizing the foundational relationship between climate change and ecosystem health to human, a...
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Papers by Marguerite Pappaioanou